tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19429945284611570702024-02-07T00:36:05.583-08:00Curt Surls, Employment Attorney in CaliforniaAttorney Curt Surls specializes in the areas of Employment Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, and Wrongful Termination. Located in Manhattan Beach, California, the Law Office of Curt Surls offers a complete range of employment law services to those living throughout Southern California, including all of Los Angeles, Riverside, Orange and San Bernardino counties. Homepage: https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-23782869727826627692019-01-02T08:05:00.003-08:002019-01-02T08:05:52.851-08:00Employment attorney Curt Surls discusses the varying state responses to U.S. Supreme Court in Epic Systems v. Lewis<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtrgcPfeHzlvGEFOIfdKXBc-hmDheEAFKBBPTNAqOn5rywkUSkSfbE21Ik3mtz467p1kQqyVD8h7E3hf-ygrrMIz0lILlQuZz8drIi_tKeaf_6tFGPL96bZdGPj3Br5Lu64XvOfEkrkFY/s1600/Attorney+profile+of+Curt+Surls+on+Martindale.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="716" data-original-width="1061" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtrgcPfeHzlvGEFOIfdKXBc-hmDheEAFKBBPTNAqOn5rywkUSkSfbE21Ik3mtz467p1kQqyVD8h7E3hf-ygrrMIz0lILlQuZz8drIi_tKeaf_6tFGPL96bZdGPj3Br5Lu64XvOfEkrkFY/s320/Attorney+profile+of+Curt+Surls+on+Martindale.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Experienced Employment
attorney Curt Surls discusses the varying state responses to U.S. Supreme Court
in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Epic Systems v. Lewis</i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Several
states are considering responses to Supreme Court’s recent decision in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Epic System</i> that held that individual
arbitration clauses in employment contract preempts class action lawsuit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One such response is from Governor Jay Inslee
of Washington, issuing Executive Order 18-03 in June of 2018 that directly
mentions the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Epic System</i> decision in
the preamble.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Specifically, the order
states “WHEREAS, the United States Supreme Court, in its recent <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis</i> decision,
held that if employees sign an arbitration agreement requiring individual
arbitration proceedings as a condition of employment, then those agreements
preclude employees from pursuing a class or collective action against their
employer to resolve disputes; and WHEREAS, when employers require workers to
accept an arbitration clause as a condition of employment they deny workers the
opportunity to seek redress for employment grievances through collective or
class action in court or in arbitration, and workers are stripped of a powerful
tool to level the historical imbalance between employers and employees; and
WHEREAS, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis</i>
decision will inevitably result in an increased difficulty in holding employers
accountable for widespread practices that harm workers . . . .”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The order provides that “[t]o the extent
permissible under state and federal law, when making purchasing and other
procurement decisions, all state executive and small cabinet agencies shall
seek to contract with qualified entities and business owners that can
demonstrate or will certify that their employees are not required to sign, as a
condition of employment, mandatory individual arbitration clauses and class or
collective action waivers.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although the
order would only cover purchases and procurement by the executive branch of the
state of Washington, if other states follows suit, it could put pressure on companies
seeking to do business with state governments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It will be interesting to see how much effect the executive order will
have and whether any other states will follow suit.</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Other
states are considering a legislative approach.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>New York and Vermont are considering passing a law similar to California’s
Private Attorneys General Act (“PAGA”).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>PAGA allows individuals who personally experienced a violation of a
California employment law to sue on behalf of current or former employees who
also experienced such violations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>California
Supreme Court and the Ninth Circuit has both held that PAGA is not preempted by
the Federal Arbitration Act. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, even
if federal class action lawsuits are preempted by individual arbitration
clauses in employment contracts, state laws such as PAGA could allow plaintiffs
to pursue state class action suits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
is a developing area of the law that bears close monitoring in the future,
opines Mr. Surls.</div>
<br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
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*** Curt Surls is an attorney in the areas of Employment
Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, and Wrongful Termination. Located in
Manhattan Beach, California, the Law Office of Curt Surls offers a complete
range of employment law services to those living throughout Southern California,
including all of Los Angeles, Riverside, Orange and San Bernardino counties.
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Attorney News: <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://attorneygazette.com/curt-surls%2C-esq#5282ef1c-68bd-44ca-a705-13c4c4d19d33">https://attorneygazette.com/curt-surls%2C-esq#5282ef1c-68bd-44ca-a705-13c4c4d19d33</a></span></div>
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<br />
Lawyer Curt Surls specializes in the areas of Employment Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, and Wrongful Termination. Located in Manhattan Beach, California, the Law Office of Curt Surls offers a complete range of employment law services to those living throughout Southern California, including all of Los Angeles, Riverside, Orange and San Bernardino counties. With nearly 30 years of experience focusing almost exclusively on this area of law, attorney Curt Surls and his law firm provide the personalized assistance and effective support his clients need. References: Law Firm Website: www.curtsurlslaw.com;
Professional Profile on law firm website: https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/attorney-profile/; LinkedIn Profile: https://www.linkedin.com/in/curt-surls-83118b5/; Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/curt-surls%2C-esq; Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/curt-surls%2C-esq#5282ef1c-68bd-44ca-a705-13c4c4d19d33Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comManhattan Beach, CA 90266, USA33.8847361 -118.4109088999999833.8320116 -118.49158989999998 33.937460599999994 -118.33022789999998tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-27727882621929159782019-01-02T08:04:00.002-08:002019-01-02T08:04:23.315-08:00Employment attorney Curt Surls comments on a recent decision from the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpBxi6Vy5Gd515unz1ef_9EEoxnkHaB37PpgW5q8IqDVD1V4Ho4-Khn_3mMjQ6DybfWcz5sgIdUyKnqiweW7QjokvWqELiTRTGkoHA948HM3hhAgDiKcVD8qnTKecCwGs-NmuK7ciIbyM/s1600/Curt+Surls+Attorney.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="495" data-original-width="329" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpBxi6Vy5Gd515unz1ef_9EEoxnkHaB37PpgW5q8IqDVD1V4Ho4-Khn_3mMjQ6DybfWcz5sgIdUyKnqiweW7QjokvWqELiTRTGkoHA948HM3hhAgDiKcVD8qnTKecCwGs-NmuK7ciIbyM/s320/Curt+Surls+Attorney.png" width="212" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 106%;">Experienced
employment attorney Curt Surls comments on a recent decision from the Ninth
Circuit Court of Appeals, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">O’Connor v.
Uber Technologies, Inc.</i>, which held that Uber drivers are bound by their
agreement to arbitrate and thus reversed the class certification.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 106%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In continuing
fall out from the United States Supreme Court’s decision in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis</i>, the Ninth
Circuit has followed suit in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">O’Connor</i>
and upheld the arbitration clause between Uber and Uber drivers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The lawsuit arose from claims by certain Uber
drivers that Uber failed to remit the entire tips from customers to drivers as
required by California law and for misclassifying Uber drivers as independent
contractors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 106%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
plaintiffs obtained class certification by successfully arguing before the
district court that the 2013 arbitration agreement was unconscionable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Uber attempted to send out a new arbitration
agreement to the plaintiffs in various class action lawsuits in December of
2015.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Plaintiffs moved for injunctive
relief and “[t]he district court granted the motion in part on December 23,
2015, citing its authority under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(d) to
control communications by Uber to the class members and putative class members.”
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, the district court limited the
effect of Uber’s arbitration agreement and placed limitation on Uber’s ability
to communicate with the new or prospective drivers. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 106%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Ninth Circuit reversed the district court’s
denial of Uber’s motion to compel arbitration in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mohamed v. Uber Technologies, Inc.</i>, which covered the same
arbitration agreement at issue in<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
O’Connor</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">O’Connor</i> plaintiffs sought to avoid
arbitration by raising new arguments as to why the arbitration agreement was
unconscionable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">O’Connor</i> plaintiffs argued that the lead
plaintiffs “constructively opted out of the arbitration on behalf of the entire
class.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ninth Circuit noted that such
argument only had a Georgia Supreme Court case as support and that case turned
on matter of state law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Noting that
there was no federal case law that supports the position that the lead
plaintiffs could take such an action behalf of the entire class, the Ninth
Circuit rejected this argument.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 106%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">O’Connor</i> plaintiffs’ second argument in
favor of unconscionability was a similar refrain of the argument made by the
class plaintiffs in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Epic Systems</i>,
that class action waivers violate the National Labor Relations Act.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Epic
Systems</i> settled that issue, Ninth Circuit rejected this argument as
well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, the district court’s denial
of the motion to compel arbitration was reversed and class certification was
reversed as well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The case is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">O’Connor v. Uber Technologies, Inc.</i>,
Case 14-16078.</span></div>
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*** Curt Surls is an attorney in the areas of Employment
Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, and Wrongful Termination. Located in
Manhattan Beach, California, the Law Office of Curt Surls offers a complete
range of employment law services to those living throughout Southern California,
including all of Los Angeles, Riverside, Orange and San Bernardino counties.
With nearly 30 years of experience focusing almost exclusively on this area of
law, attorney Curt Surls and his law firm provide the personalized assistance
and effective support his clients need. References: Law Firm Website: <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/">https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/</a></span>;
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Attorney Profile: <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/curt-surls%2C-esq">https://solomonlawguild.com/curt-surls%2C-esq</a></span>;
Attorney News: <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://attorneygazette.com/curt-surls%2C-esq#5282ef1c-68bd-44ca-a705-13c4c4d19d33">https://attorneygazette.com/curt-surls%2C-esq#5282ef1c-68bd-44ca-a705-13c4c4d19d33</a></span></div>
<br />
<br />
Lawyer Curt Surls specializes in the areas of Employment Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, and Wrongful Termination. Located in Manhattan Beach, California, the Law Office of Curt Surls offers a complete range of employment law services to those living throughout Southern California, including all of Los Angeles, Riverside, Orange and San Bernardino counties. With nearly 30 years of experience focusing almost exclusively on this area of law, attorney Curt Surls and his law firm provide the personalized assistance and effective support his clients need. References: Law Firm Website: www.curtsurlslaw.com;
Professional Profile on law firm website: https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/attorney-profile/; LinkedIn Profile: https://www.linkedin.com/in/curt-surls-83118b5/; Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/curt-surls%2C-esq; Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/curt-surls%2C-esq#5282ef1c-68bd-44ca-a705-13c4c4d19d33Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comCalifornia, USA36.778261 -119.4179323999999823.886426 -140.07222939999997 49.670096 -98.763635399999984tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-55466106220332116762018-11-07T06:20:00.001-08:002018-11-07T06:24:21.549-08:00Employment attorney Curt Surls comments on an ongoing lawsuit between the U.S. Justice Department and the State of California and its effect on Assembly Bill 450 (“AB 450”)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Oj3IEQYrEVgLIdlmlLRwW6xeMWz4VRmd_RlmroVSjYWmnSgGT0jY1ObK-hX3CPdGEvxCz3wjqzDGQm_cvVR1QM74N6LuSe0j3KYLlSvQIJUMK4FRrZJSsywjk_U0AZluaeCMgMu-WWU/s1600/Website+of+Curt+Surls%252C+Employment+Lawyer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="661" data-original-width="1600" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Oj3IEQYrEVgLIdlmlLRwW6xeMWz4VRmd_RlmroVSjYWmnSgGT0jY1ObK-hX3CPdGEvxCz3wjqzDGQm_cvVR1QM74N6LuSe0j3KYLlSvQIJUMK4FRrZJSsywjk_U0AZluaeCMgMu-WWU/s320/Website+of+Curt+Surls%252C+Employment+Lawyer.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Veteran employment
attorney Curt Surls comments on an ongoing lawsuit between the U.S. Justice Department
and the State of California and its effect on Assembly Bill 450 (“AB 450”).</b></div>
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<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>California’s
AB 450, which went into effect at the beginning of 2018, prohibits employers in
California from taking certain actions in an effort to ameliorate the Trump
Administration’s immigration enforcement at the work place.<br />
</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>AB 450 prohibits
employers from granting access to non-public areas of a business to immigration
enforcement officials without a judicial warrant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It also prohibits employers from providing
immigration enforcement officials with employee’s employment records without a
judicial warrant, except for I-9 audits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Employers must also notify employees of any I-9 audits within 72 hours
of receipt of notice of inspection and also notify any affected workers of any
findings by ICE that specifies that the employee has immigration status issues.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lastly, employers may not reverify I-9s
unless required by federal law.<br />
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In a
lawsuit challenging several California statutes, the Eastern District of
California ruled on United States’ motion for preliminary injunction on AB 450
in July of 2018.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With respect to
provisions of the bill prohibiting employers from voluntarily consenting to
grant access to immigration enforcement officials, the court ruled that AB 450
was not preempted by federal immigration law, but still superseded by the
Supremacy Clause due to intergovernmental immunity doctrine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Even though these two subsections of AB 450
interfere with immigration enforcement’s historical practices, the Court
hesitates to find the statutes preempted. In preemption analysis, the Court
presumes ‘the historic police powers of the States’ are not superseded ‘unless
that was the clear and manifest purpose of Congress.’” (internal quotation
marks omitted).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The court went on to
explain that “[u]ltimately, however, the Court need not resolve the preemption
issue because Plaintiff is likely to succeed on its Supremacy Clause claim
under the intergovernmental immunity doctrine. The doctrine applies in these
circumstances even though the laws regulate employers and not the Federal
Government directly.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, the court
found “that a law which imposes monetary penalties on an employer solely
because that employer voluntarily consents to federal immigration enforcement’s
entry into nonpublic areas of their place of business or access to their
employment records impermissibly discriminates against those who choose to deal
with the Federal Government.”<br />
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
court, however, did not find that the notice provisions of AB 450 to be
preempted or superseded by federal law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Unlike the prohibition against voluntary cooperation, nothing in the
notice provisions would prohibit employer from cooperating or working with the
federal government.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ban on
reverification, however, was enjoined as it appeared to obstruct the purpose of
federal immigration law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Although
these are the district court’s rulings on preliminary injunction, it should be
a good indication on how the court intends to rule on the permanent injunction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The case is likely to continue on appeal,
however, thus it may be sometime until the dust finally settles on AB 450.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The district court case in the Eastern
District of California is United States v. California, 2:18-cv-490-JAM-KJN.</div>
<br />
<br />
*** Lawyer Curt Surls specializes in the areas of Employment Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, and Wrongful Termination. Located in Manhattan Beach, California, the Law Office of Curt Surls offers a complete range of employment law services to those living throughout Southern California, including all of Los Angeles, Riverside, Orange and San Bernardino counties. With nearly 30 years of experience focusing almost exclusively on this area of law, attorney Curt Surls and his law firm provide the personalized assistance and effective support his clients need. References: Law Firm Website: <a href="http://www.curtsurlslaw.com/">www.curtsurlslaw.com</a>;
Professional Profile on law firm website: <a href="https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/attorney-profile/">https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/attorney-profile/</a>; LinkedIn Profile: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/curt-surls-83118b5/">https://www.linkedin.com/in/curt-surls-83118b5/</a>; Attorney Profile: <a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/curt-surls%2C-esq">https://solomonlawguild.com/curt-surls%2C-esq</a>; Attorney News: <a href="https://attorneygazette.com/curt-surls%2C-esq#5282ef1c-68bd-44ca-a705-13c4c4d19d33">https://attorneygazette.com/curt-surls%2C-esq#5282ef1c-68bd-44ca-a705-13c4c4d19d33</a>Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comCalifornia, USA36.778261 -119.4179323999999823.886426 -140.07222939999997 49.670096 -98.763635399999984tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-38087515037769175772018-10-22T04:39:00.007-07:002018-10-22T04:39:49.254-07:00Employment Attorney Curt Surls comments on recently passed legislations in California to strengthen protection against Sexual Harassment in the Workplace<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj39CwJTqTXTR6s3oAEafU8IeyEzOeq13e-e6xAbKzc2FUawfeVp-QVGIVP4pd71j1H2bvV2s4Ef-mpsHEhobm8Xx-V0tDR_tcGSriZ0RUXfjs_v8uXlcb72URnYn8fu4RpZ1_STKI_q0/s1600/Website+of+Curt+Surls%252C+Employment+Lawyer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="661" data-original-width="1600" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj39CwJTqTXTR6s3oAEafU8IeyEzOeq13e-e6xAbKzc2FUawfeVp-QVGIVP4pd71j1H2bvV2s4Ef-mpsHEhobm8Xx-V0tDR_tcGSriZ0RUXfjs_v8uXlcb72URnYn8fu4RpZ1_STKI_q0/s320/Website+of+Curt+Surls%252C+Employment+Lawyer.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 106%;">Experienced
Employment Attorney Curt Surls comments on recently passed legislations in
California to strengthen protection against Sexual Harassment in the Workplace</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 106%;">California Governor Jerry Brown recent signed four bills that
toughens the protection against sexual harassment in the workplace.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The bills were part of a legislative package
that received strong support from the entertainment industry, which had to deal
with numerous cases of highly publicized cases of sexual misconduct in recent
years.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 106%;">Senate Bill 820 deals with confidentiality provisions in settlements
relating to sexual misconduct.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Specifically, settlement agreements “that prevents the disclosure of
factual information related to a claim filed in a civil action or a complaint
filed in an administrative action . . . is prohibited”, if such agreement is
regarding sexual assault, sexual harassment, workplace sexual harassment or
discrimination, or sexual harassment or discrimination by owner of housing
accommodation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The bill also prohibits
courts from entering any order that prohibits the disclosure of such
information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Interestingly, the bill
does contain an exception that allows the claimant to request the inclusion of
a confidentiality provision to keep such information private.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While the purpose of such exception is
understandable, it remains to be seen as to whether the exception could
eventually swallow the whole, especially if most defendants or accused will
simply require the claimant to request such a confidentiality provision as a
condition of settlement.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 106%;">Senate Bill 826 requires California public companies to
have at least 1 female board of director by end of 2019.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then, by 2021, any public company with 5
board of directors must have at least 2 female directors and any public company
with 6 or more board of directors must have at least 3 female directors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The presence of female decision makers on the
board have been advocated by sexual harassment experts as a way of meaningfully
impacting the corporate response to sexual harassment and discrimination
problems.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 106%;">Senate Bill 1300 and 1343 seek to broaden the scope of
protection by sexual harassment laws.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Specifically, Senate Bill 1300 strengthens employer liability where
sexual misconduct is committed by independent contractors and non-employees in
the course of business.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was viewed
as a very important measure by the entertainment industry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Senate Bill 1343 strengthens employer
requirements pertaining to sexual harassment training.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 106%;">California’s legislative actions are in line with a growing
trend among states across the United States.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Many states are enacting or amending laws to strengthen the protection
against sexual harassment in recent years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">About
Curt Surls, Employment Lawyer in California</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>About Curt Surls </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Curtis
Surls is an Attorney in the areas of Employment Discrimination, Sexual
Harassment, and Wrongful Termination. Located in Manhattan Beach, California,
the Law Office of Curt Surls offers a complete range of employment law services
to those living throughout Southern California, including all of Los Angeles,
Riverside, Orange and San Bernardino counties. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Professional
Profile on law firm website: <a href="https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/attorney-profile/">https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/attorney-profile/</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Blog:
<a href="https://curtsurlsblog.blogspot.com/">https://curtsurlsblog.blogspot.com/</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Attorney
Profile in “Super Lawyer” Directory:
<a href="https://profiles.superlawyers.com/california-southern/manhattan-beach/lawfirm/law-office-of-curt-surls/7d7bf48f-c2ff-4237-9fde-9017064c7ce2.html">https://profiles.superlawyers.com/california-southern/manhattan-beach/lawfirm/law-office-of-curt-surls/7d7bf48f-c2ff-4237-9fde-9017064c7ce2.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">News:
<a href="https://hype.news/employment-lawyer-curt-surls/">https://hype.news/employment-lawyer-curt-surls/</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Attorney
Profile: <a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/curt-surls%2C-esq">https://solomonlawguild.com/curt-surls%2C-esq</a></span></div>
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*** Curt Surls specializes in the areas of Employment Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, and Wrongful Termination. Located in Manhattan Beach, California, the Law Office of Curt Surls offers a complete range of employment law services to those living throughout Southern California, including all of Los Angeles, Riverside, Orange and San Bernardino counties. With nearly 30 years of experience focusing almost exclusively on this area of law, attorney Curt Surls and his law firm provide the personalized assistance and effective support his clients need. References: Law Firm Website: <a href="http://www.curtsurlslaw.com/">www.curtsurlslaw.com</a>;
Professional Profile on law firm website: <a href="https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/attorney-profile/">https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/attorney-profile/</a>; LinkedIn Profile: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/curt-surls-83118b5/">https://www.linkedin.com/in/curt-surls-83118b5/</a>; Attorney Profile: <a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/curt-surls%2C-esq">https://solomonlawguild.com/curt-surls%2C-esq</a>; Attorney News: <a href="https://attorneygazette.com/curt-surls%2C-esq#5282ef1c-68bd-44ca-a705-13c4c4d19d33">https://attorneygazette.com/curt-surls%2C-esq#5282ef1c-68bd-44ca-a705-13c4c4d19d33</a>Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comManhattan Beach, CA 90266, USA33.8847361 -118.4109088999999833.8320116 -118.49158989999998 33.937460599999994 -118.33022789999998tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-27880380176775097872018-09-23T13:52:00.001-07:002018-09-23T13:52:08.730-07:00Employment attorney Curt Surls comments on a recent U.S. Supreme Court opinion issued in Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjykZ23yqFCfrcJM-65IrGsMeHAdwcS0Gffq3UREcXOfxNpx4v6ef4pb5OnRj0UNcSHkH5dPct0w8HUuNDC6hWn1rp69Mp3AQCEYeWRbofVCoCedtsJfLtpZfZMH0vztyj6XMRpYJavF7w/s1600/Website+of+Curt+Surls%252C+Employment+Lawyer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="661" data-original-width="1600" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjykZ23yqFCfrcJM-65IrGsMeHAdwcS0Gffq3UREcXOfxNpx4v6ef4pb5OnRj0UNcSHkH5dPct0w8HUuNDC6hWn1rp69Mp3AQCEYeWRbofVCoCedtsJfLtpZfZMH0vztyj6XMRpYJavF7w/s320/Website+of+Curt+Surls%252C+Employment+Lawyer.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Employment
attorney Curt Surls comments on a recent U.S. Supreme Court opinion issued in
Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis</b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In his first article
in his series of instructional articles, Employment Lawyer Curt Surls reviews a
recent Supreme Court case that reverses NLRA precedent</i></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>U.S.
Supreme Court recently issued an opinion that reverses Obama era National Labor
Relations Board’s interpretation of the National Labor Relations Act
(hereinafter “NLRA”) that individualized arbitration provision in employment contracts
were not enforceable.</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In Epic
Systems Corp. v. Lewis, the Supreme Court addressed whether employment contract
provision requiring individual arbitration between the employer and employee,
instead of collective or class action, is enforceable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In doing so, the opinion also decides two
other cases presenting substantially the same issue, Ernst & Young, LLP v.
Morris and National Labor Relations Board v. Murphy Oil USA, Inc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ordinarily, Federal Arbitration Act requires
that courts recognize and enforce the parties’ arbitration agreement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The exception is where the agreement’s
provision violates another federal law.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
these cases, the employees argued that the individualized arbitration
requirement violates the NLRA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Majority
opinion, written by Justice Gorsuch, noted that “[a]lthough the Arbitration Act
and the NLRA have long coexisted—they date from 1925 and 1935, respectively—
the suggestion they might conflict is something quite new.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Until a couple of years ago, courts more or
less agreed that arbitration agreements like those before us must be enforced
according to their terms.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Court
explained that “[i]n 2012, the Board— for the first time in the 77 years since
the NLRA’s adoption—asserted that the NLRA effectively nullifies the
Arbitration Act in cases like ours.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Majority
opinion noted that the origin of the Federal Arbitration Act was from a perception,
perhaps justified, that courts were hostile to arbitration agreements and
regularly refused to recognize their validity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Therefore, Congress passed the Arbitration Act that “establishes ‘a
liberal federal policy favoring arbitration agreements.’”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also, “[n]ot only did Congress require courts
to respect and enforce agreements to arbitrate; it also specifically directed
them to respect and enforce the parties’ chosen arbitration procedures.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, “[o]n first blush, these emphatic
directions would seem to resolve any argument under the Arbitration Act. The
parties before us contracted for arbitration. They proceeded to specify the
rules that would govern their arbitrations, indicating their intention to use
individualized rather than class or collective action procedures. And this much
the Arbitration Act seems to protect pretty absolutely.”</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Employees
sought to avoid individualized arbitration due to the Arbitration Act’s savings
clause, which “allows courts to refuse to enforce arbitration agreements ‘upon
such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any
contract.’”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Employees argued that
“illegality under the NLRA is a ‘ground’ that ‘exists at law . . . for the
revocation’ of their arbitration agreements, at least to the extent those
agreements prohibit class or collective action proceedings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Court
went on to explain that even if the employees’ argument could survive various issues
that may not be in their favor, the fundamental problem is that “the saving
clause recognizes only defenses that apply to ‘any’ contract. In this way the
clause establishes a sort of ‘equal-treatment’ rule for arbitration contracts.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In essence, “the saving clause does not save
defenses that target arbitration either by name or by more subtle methods, such
as by ‘interfer[ing] with fundamental attributes of arbitration.’”</div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Court
also rejected the argument that in these circumstances, the NLRA displaces the
mandates of the Arbitration Act.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“A
party seeking to suggest that two statutes cannot be harmonized, and that one
displaces the other, bears the heavy burden of showing ‘a clearly expressed
congressional intention’ that such a result should follow.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The employees failed to do so here.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A hardly surprising result, explains the
Court, considering that “[t]he notion that Section 7 [of the NRLA] confers a
right to class or collective actions seems pretty unlikely when you recall that
procedures like that were hardly known when the NLRA was adopted in 1935.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 didn’t create the modern class action until
1966; class arbitration didn’t emerge until later still; and even the Fair
Labor Standards Act’s collective action provision postdated Section 7 by
years.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epic
Systems Corp. and related cases signals a return to pre-2012 era when
individualized arbitration provisions were enforced by the courts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unless the law is amended by Congress,
employers will be able to contract with employees to foreclose collective or
class action when employment contract dispute arises.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The case is Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis, No.
16-285, decided May 21, 2018.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The full article will be published on the Blog of Mr. Surls
at https://CurtSurlsBlog.Blogspot.com</div>
<br />
<br />
*** Curt Surls is a Specialist in the areas of Employment Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, and Wrongful Termination. Located in Manhattan Beach, California, the Law Office of Curt Surls offers a complete range of employment law services to those living throughout Southern California, including all of Los Angeles, Riverside, Orange and San Bernardino counties. With nearly 30 years of experience focusing almost exclusively on this area of law, attorney Curt Surls and his law firm provide the personalized assistance and effective support his clients need. References: Law Firm Website: <a href="https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/">https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/</a>;
Professional Profile on law firm website: <a href="https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/attorney-profile/">https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/attorney-profile/</a>; LinkedIn Profile: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/curt-surls-83118b5/">https://www.linkedin.com/in/curt-surls-83118b5/</a>; Attorney Profile: <a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/curt-surls%2C-esq">https://solomonlawguild.com/curt-surls%2C-esq</a>; Attorney News: <a href="https://attorneygazette.com/curt-surls%2C-esq#5282ef1c-68bd-44ca-a705-13c4c4d19d33">https://attorneygazette.com/curt-surls%2C-esq#5282ef1c-68bd-44ca-a705-13c4c4d19d33</a>
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comManhattan Beach, CA 90266, USA33.8847361 -118.4109088999999833.8320116 -118.49158989999998 33.937460599999994 -118.33022789999998tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-82436535108457281382018-09-01T06:22:00.004-07:002018-09-01T06:22:37.145-07:00California Employment Attorney Curt Surls has been selected as one of the 500 Leading Plaintiff Employment Lawyers in the U.S. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #191919; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">California Employment Attorney Curt Surls has been selected as
one of the 500 Leading Plaintiff Employment Lawyers in the U.S. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1d1d; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPU7UlC8_GWqDtzCsZ4WPPglB9o65aa2WknEQWV7SDRxx-HxRR2eFDyCZevX938t3952TPvp6MiZW3lCcr8n-WvMudF5Hg7QlF7SMTpYz8BXl0czjF0fhRAadgusTBZu1b9lU7dkwtiew/s1600/LawDragon+2018%252C+Curtis+Surls+among+the+500+leading+Employment+lawyers.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="470" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPU7UlC8_GWqDtzCsZ4WPPglB9o65aa2WknEQWV7SDRxx-HxRR2eFDyCZevX938t3952TPvp6MiZW3lCcr8n-WvMudF5Hg7QlF7SMTpYz8BXl0czjF0fhRAadgusTBZu1b9lU7dkwtiew/s320/LawDragon+2018%252C+Curtis+Surls+among+the+500+leading+Employment+lawyers.png" width="315" /></a></i></div>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">According to LawDragon,
the 500 Leading </span></i>Plaintiff Employment Lawyers were chosen in its “research-driven,
journalistic process that vets the views of peers and competitors, and
recognizes those who are winning big for workers”</span></i><br />
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #1d1d1d; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Manhattan Beach, CA (August 2018) The Law Office of Curt </span><span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Surls announced
today that employment attorney </span><span style="color: #1d1d1d; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Curt Surls has been selected among
LawDragon’s 2018 choice of 500 Leading Plaintiff Employment Lawyers. This
selection is the result of LawDragon’s </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">“research-driven, journalistic process that
vets the views of peers and competitors, and recognizes those who are winning
big for workers.”</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d1d1d; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Curt stated, “As you can imagine, I am very honored and humbled
to be considered, let alone being asked to join, a distinguished group of
talented lawyers.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He went on to add “I
hope my clients find me to be attentive, prompt, courteous and someone that
pays attention to detail when representing them. These are all the qualities
you would expect and want from an experienced attorney.”</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d1d1d; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr. Surls specializes in </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Employment Discrimination, Sexual Harassment,
and Wrongful Termination. With nearly 30 years of experience focusing almost
exclusively on this area of law, attorney Curt Surls and his law firm provide
the personalized assistance and effective support his clients need when facing
employment discrimination, sexual harassment, wrongful termination, workplace
investigations, age discrimination, and disability discrimination. Curt Surls
is a frequent speaker and presenter on legal matters. Most recently, <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mr. Surls was asked by the Los Angeles
County Bar Association (LACBA) to speak in September 2018 on a panel regarding
“Workplace Investigations: What Works and What Doesn't.”</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoPlainText">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">About Curt Surls,
Attorney at Law</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #1d1d1d; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The list of the 500 Leading Plaintiff Employment Lawyers is at </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://www.lawdragon.com/2018/08/03/lawdragon-500-leading-plaintiff-employment-lawyers/</span><span style="color: #1d1d1d; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Curt
Surls is a Specialist in the areas of Employment Discrimination, Sexual
Harassment, and Wrongful Termination.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Contact</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">1500
Rosecrans Ave #500, </span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Manhattan
Beach, CA 90266. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Phone:
(310) 706-4055</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Located
in Manhattan Beach, California, the Law Office of Curt Surls offers a complete
range of employment law services to those living throughout Southern
California, including all of Los Angeles, Riverside, Orange and San Bernardino
counties. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">References</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Law
Firm Website: <a href="https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/">https://www.curtsurlslaw.com</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Professional
Profile on law firm website: <a href="https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/attorney-profile/">https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/attorney-profile/</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">LinkedIn
Profile: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/curt-surls-83118b5/">https://www.linkedin.com/in/curt-surls-83118b5/</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Attorney
Profile in “Super Lawyer” Directory: <a href="https://profiles.superlawyers.com/california-southern/manhattan-beach/lawfirm/law-office-of-curt-surls/7d7bf48f-c2ff-4237-9fde-9017064c7ce2.html">https://profiles.superlawyers.com/california-southern/manhattan-beach/lawfirm/law-office-of-curt-surls/7d7bf48f-c2ff-4237-9fde-9017064c7ce2.html</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Martindale
Attorney Directory:
<a href="https://www.martindale.com/manhattan-beach/california/curt-l-surls-173396-a/peer-reviews/">https://www.martindale.com/manhattan-beach/california/curt-l-surls-173396-a/peer-reviews/</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Nolo
Attorney Directory: <a href="https://www.nolo.com/lawyers/profile/law-office-curt-surls">https://www.nolo.com/lawyers/profile/law-office-curt-surls</a></span></div>
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*** Curt Surls is a Specialist in the areas of Employment Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, and Wrongful Termination. Located in Manhattan Beach, California, the Law Office of Curt Surls offers a complete range of employment law services to those living throughout Southern California, including all of Los Angeles, Riverside, Orange and San Bernardino counties. With nearly 30 years of experience focusing almost exclusively on this area of law, attorney Curt Surls and his law firm provide the personalized assistance and effective support his clients need. References: Law Firm Website: www.curtsurlslaw.com;
Professional Profile on law firm website: https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/attorney-profile/; LinkedIn Profile: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/curt-surls-83118b5/">https://www.linkedin.com/in/curt-surls-83118b5/</a>; Attorney Profile: <a href="https://solomonlawguild.com/curt-surls%2C-esq">https://solomonlawguild.com/curt-surls%2C-esq</a>; Attorney News: <a href="https://attorneygazette.com/curt-surls%2C-esq#5282ef1c-68bd-44ca-a705-13c4c4d19d33">https://attorneygazette.com/curt-surls%2C-esq#5282ef1c-68bd-44ca-a705-13c4c4d19d33</a>
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comCalifornia, USA36.778261 -119.4179323999999823.886426 -140.07222939999997 49.670096 -98.763635399999984tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-55845385703327200142018-07-29T10:28:00.001-07:002018-07-29T10:28:07.122-07:00Curt Surls to speak at the Los Angeles County Bar Association workshop titled “Workplace Investigations: What Works and What Doesn't”<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Curt Surls to speak at
the<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">Los
Angeles County Bar Association workshop titled “Workplace Investigations: What
Works and What Doesn't”</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i><span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Distinguished
panel will discuss the best practices for conducting a workplace investigation,
hosted by Los Angeles County Bar Association (LACBA).</span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Manhattan Beach, California (July 2018) The
Law Office of Curt Surls announced today that Mr. Surls has been asked by the
Los Angeles County Bar Association (LACBA) to speak in September on a panel
regarding “Workplace Investigations: What Works and What Doesn't.” The panel
will be comprised of experienced workplace investigators.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Attorneys Ann Fromholz (defense) and Curt
Surls (plaintiff) will discuss the best practices for conducting a workplace
investigation. On the panel will also be Ann Kotlarski (arbitrator &
mediator). The materials and discussion they provide will be practical pointers
on a wide variety of related topics including:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: Geneva; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Geneva; mso-fareast-font-family: Geneva;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Tips for representing your client during a workplace
investigation</span><span style="color: #262626; font-family: Geneva; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Geneva;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: Geneva; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Geneva; mso-fareast-font-family: Geneva;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Deposing the investigator</span><span style="color: #262626; font-family: Geneva; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Geneva;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: Geneva; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Geneva; mso-fareast-font-family: Geneva;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mistakes made by employers during an investigation</span><span style="color: #262626; font-family: Geneva; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Geneva;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: Geneva; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Geneva; mso-fareast-font-family: Geneva;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The impact of the current #MeToo climate upon investigations</span><span style="color: #262626; font-family: Geneva; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Geneva;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Curt
Surls is a Specialist in the areas of Employment Discrimination, Sexual
Harassment, and Wrongful Termination with nearly 30 years of experience
focusing almost exclusively on this area of law. </span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr.
Surls stated “I am grateful for the opportunity to share my experience of
almost 30 years and to join such distinguished panelists. I<span style="background: white; color: #232323;">nternal workplace investigations are an
important risk management tool for employers when there are allegations such as
harassment. </span>I am truly looking forward to this workshop.”<span style="background: white; color: #232323;"> He then explains in more detail: “A few
years ago in the case of <em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Crawford
v. Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County</span></em>, 555
U.S. 271 (2009), the Supreme Court reminded employers of their duty ‘to ferret
out and put a stop to any discriminatory activities’ in the workplace. It
instructs employers ‘to adopt and strengthen procedures for investigating,
preventing, and correcting discriminatory conduct.’”</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
Law Office of Curt Surls provides the personalized assistance and effective
support his clients need when facing any of the following legal challenges:</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Employment
discrimination</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sexual
harassment</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wrongful
termination</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Workplace
investigations</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Age
discrimination</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Disability
discrimination</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Other
labor and employment law issues</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr.
Surls received his B.A. from the University of Iowa and his J.D. from Loyola
Law School (Los Angeles) in 1988. in 1988, Mr. Surls was admitted to the
California Bar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr. Surls began his
legal career with the Legal Aid Foundation of Los Angeles, initially as a law
clerk and later as a staff. </span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mr.
Surls is involved in a number of organizations such as the Executive Committee
of the Los Angeles County Bar Association Labor and Employment Section and
served as Section Chair in 2015-2016. He also was Chair of the Section’s
2012 Labor and Employment Law Symposium. He has also served on the Fair
Judicial Election Practices Committee and the Judicial Election Evaluation
Committee and served as Vice President of the Board of Directors of the
Disability Rights Legal Center (www.disabilityrightslegalcenter.org) from 2008
to 2010.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Prior
to opening the Law Office of Curt Surls in July 2012, he was a partner with
Bornn & Surls for over 15 years. Mr. Surls was also an attorney with
the Oakland, California civil rights firm then known as Saperstein, Seligman
& Mayeda, specializing in employment and civil rights class actions. Mr.
Surls also worked for the State of California as counsel to the Director of the
Department of Industrial Relations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<br />
*** Curt Surls is a Specialist in the areas of Employment Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, and Wrongful Termination. Located in Manhattan Beach, California, the Law Office of Curt Surls offers a complete range of employment law services to those living throughout Southern California, including all of Los Angeles, Riverside, Orange and San Bernardino counties. With nearly 30 years of experience focusing almost exclusively on this area of law, attorney Curt Surls and his law firm provide the personalized assistance and effective support his clients need. References: Law Firm Website: www.curtsurlslaw.com;
Professional Profile on law firm website: https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/attorney-profile/; LinkedIn Profile: https://www.linkedin.com/in/curt-surls-83118b5/; Attorney Profile: https://solomonlawguild.com/curt-surls%2C-esq; Attorney News: https://attorneygazette.com/curt-surls%2C-esq#5282ef1c-68bd-44ca-a705-13c4c4d19d33
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comManhattan Beach, CA 90266, USA33.8847361 -118.4109088999999833.8320116 -118.49158989999998 33.937460599999994 -118.33022789999998tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-19459247179717956432018-07-14T13:28:00.001-07:002018-07-15T04:29:52.125-07:00Employment Specialist Curt Surls starts legal blog and commentary on complex Employment Law matters - Curt Surls, Employment Attorney, California<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Employment
Specialist<span style="color: #191919;"> Curt Surls starts legal blog and
commentary on complex Employment Law matters</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Manhattan
Beach, CA, June 20, 2018 – Curt Surls, a respected Employment Law
specialist based in California, announced today his new legal blog <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://curtsurlsblog.blogspot.com/">http://CurtSurlsBlog.blogspot.com/</a></span>
which will focus primarily on complex legal issues in <span style="color: #191919;">Employment
Law.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Employment
Law Specialist Curt Surls has launched a blog with legal commentary and
analysis of complex Employment Law issues. “With all the recent news and
misinformation regarding Employment Law, I felt that I could help explain the
truths behind the real issues at hand” said Curt Surls. “As a legal
practitioner, I am sharing the experience I have gained in almost 30 years of
solving complex Employment Law problems not only for individuals but for small
businesses as well,” Curt added.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
Blog features legal analysis and commentary on precedential court decisions, as
well as regulatory developments. It will also include commentary on new legal
and regulatory developments.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">For
example, the Blog includes </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">several specialized articles previously published on the
website of the California Employment Lawyers Association (CELA)
(http://celavoice.org), such as “Bill protecting workers from forced
arbitration awaits Governor approval,” and “Iowa Supreme Court re-affirms
statutory right of jittery, insecure spouses to interfere in the workplace.”
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Curt
Surls is a Specialist in the areas of Employment Discrimination, Sexual
Harassment, and Wrongful Termination. Located in Manhattan Beach, California,
his law firm offers a complete range of employment law services to those living
throughout Southern California, including all of Los Angeles, Riverside, Orange
and San Bernardino counties. With nearly 30 years of experience focusing almost
exclusively on this area of law, attorney Curt Surls and his law firm provide
the personalized assistance and effective support his clients need when facing
Employment Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, Wrongful Termination, or various
types of discrimination. Website: <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/">https://www.curtsurlslaw.com</a></span>.
Mr. Surls is a Fellow of the College of Labor and Employment Lawyers (see <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.laborandemploymentcollege.org/leadership/fellows">https://www.laborandemploymentcollege.org/leadership/fellows</a></span>),
and is listed in the “Super Lawyer” Director, https://profiles.superlawyers.com/california-southern/manhattan-beach/lawfirm/law-office-of-curt-surls/7d7bf48f-c2ff-4237-9fde-9017064c7ce2.html</span></div>
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-87277772013731620072018-07-14T13:27:00.003-07:002018-07-15T04:40:25.573-07:00New Chinese labor law may price some U.S. and other foreign companies out of China - Curt Surls, Employment Attorney, California.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<b>New Chinese labor law may price some U.S. and other
foreign companies out of China. </b>Wei Hoqiang used to work in a toy factory.
His boss had forced him to sign a labor contract it did not allow him to read.
His salary was 30 cents an hour, and he worked in a room that was freezing
during the winter and stifling during the summer. On January 1, 2008, however,
a landmark new labor contract law went into effect. The law seeks to declare
war on labor abuses such as forced labor, withholding of pay, and unwarranted
dismissals. A major victory for Chinese workers, it has emboldened legions of
workers in recent months to talk about quitting or striking to insist on higher
wages and better work conditions. For companies already battling inflation,
high energy costs, the falling dollar and environmental crackdowns, however,
the new law has been ruinous. It has added to the rising cost of doing business
in China; in turn, this has led to the flight of thousands of factories from
major industrial areas like the Pearl River Delta in southern China. According
to a first quarter 2008 survey by the Shanghai branch of the American Chamber
of Commerce along with Booz Allen Hamilton, 20 percent of companies with
foreign ownership or investment have concrete plans to move some or all of
their operations out of China. Another study by the Federation of Hong Kong
Industries reports that, in the Delta, which turns out about 1/3 of the
country’s exports, about 10,000 companies are planning to scale back or shut
down. <b>Citation: </b>Washington Post Foreign Service, Washington, D.C.,
Monday April 14, 2008, Page A01 (byline of Ariana Eunjung Cha).</div>
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Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-64806120034340045762018-07-14T13:27:00.001-07:002018-07-15T04:41:04.753-07:00Eleventh Circuit holds that arbitration agreement in collective bargaining contract for seamen is enforceable ...<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>Eleventh Circuit holds that arbitration agreement in
collective bargaining contract for seamen is enforceable under Convention on
the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, which supersedes
relevant portions of the Seaman’s Wage Act</b><br />
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His employer, Celebrity Cruises, Inc. (Defendant) required
Ignacio Eufemio Lobo (Plaintiff), a stateroom attendant on a passenger ship, to
share his gratuities with his assistant by paying the assistant $1.20 per
passenger per day from his own earnings. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant
imposed this requirement through duress as a result of the unequal bargaining
position of the parties. This requirement breaches the collective bargaining
agreement governing the terms of his employment, which include gratuities as
part of a stateroom attendant’s pay.<br />
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Plaintiff filed suit in federal district court. The Defendant
moved to dismiss on the grounds that, pursuant to the same collective
bargaining agreement, his wage claim must be sent to arbitration. Plaintiff
responded that the arbitration clause in the collective bargaining agreement
was invalid because it conflicted with both the Seaman’s Wage Act which gives
seamen the right to access federal courts to resolve wage disputes, 46 U.S.C.
Section 10313, and the Supreme Court’s decision in U.S. Bulk Carriers, Inc. v.
Arguelles, 400 U.S. 351 (1971). The district court dismissed the complaint
ruling that the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards (the Convention) 9 U.S.C. Sections 202‑208 the Seaman’s Wage
Act and Arguelles had been superseded by. Plaintiff appealed to the U.S. Court
of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. </div>
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<br />
The Court affirms, holding that the Convention superseded
the Seaman’s Wage Act and that Arguelles did not apply here.</div>
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<br />
“In Arguelles, the Court considered whether the provisions
of the Seaman’s Wage Act were displaced by the subsequent enactment of the
Labor Management Relations Act (LMRA), which ‘provides a federal remedy to
enforce grievance and arbitration provisions of collective‑bargaining
agreements’ in commercial industries. Supra, at 352. The Supreme Court held that
the LMRA did not abrogate the Seaman’s Wage Act remedy.” [Slip op. 2].</div>
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<br />
In the Court’s view, “the underlying basis of the Supreme
Court’s decision in Arguelles was the fact that there was nothing in the
language or legislative history of the LMRA to indicate an intent to abrogate
the statutory right to sue in federal court afforded by the Seaman’s Wage Act.”
[Slip op. 3].</div>
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On the other hand, in discussing the Convention, the Court
determined that “Congress explicitly agreed to ‘recognize an agreement in writing
under which the parties undertake to submit to arbitration all or any
differences which have arisen . . . between them in respect of a defined legal
relationship, whether contractual or not, concerning a subject matter capable
of settlement by arbitration.’ Convention, Article II(1). Indeed, the
Convention compels federal courts to direct qualifying disputes to
arbitration.” In light of this distinction the Court held that “to nullify the
arbitration provision here would hinder the purpose of the Convention and
subvert congressional intent.” [Slip op. 4].<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation: </b>Lobo v. Celebrity Cruises, Inc., 488 F.3d
891 (11th Cir. 2007).</div>
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-13129965222141691852018-07-14T13:26:00.006-07:002018-07-15T04:42:29.581-07:00Citing Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Supreme Court of Canada strikes down statutory definition of "picketing" ...<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Citing Canadian Charter of
Rights and Freedoms, Supreme Court of Canada strikes down statutory definition
of "picketing" as authorizing ban on Union's non-coercive leafleting
at K-Mart stores not actually involved in labor dispute</b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
In December 1992, United Food and
Commercial Workers, Local 1518 (the Union) was engaged in a labor dispute with
two stores of K-Mart Canada Ltd.(KMC) in British Columbia. One of the Union's
tactics was to pass out leaflets at several other KMC stores or "secondary
sites" where the Union was not certified. The leaflets set forth the
Union's views as to KMC's alleged unfair labor practices and tried to persuade
customers to avoid spending their "Christmas dollars" in K-Mart
stores.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
This activity did not get in the
way of KMC employees and did not disrupt the shipment of supplies. There was no
violence or intimidation and no blocking of public access to the stores. Some
members of the public showed bewilderment, however, and a few apparently went
elsewhere.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
KMC went to the Labor Relations
Board (LRB) and persuaded it to order the union to stop "picketing"
at the secondary locations. The LRB declined the Union's invitation to narrowly
construe the statutory term "picketing" so as not to apply to
leafleting pursuant to Section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The British Columbia Supreme
Court and Court of Appeal dismissed the Union's petition for judicial review.
The Supreme Court of Canada, however, took the case to determine whether the
Labor Relations Code's definition of picketing contravenes Section 2(b) on
freedom of speech and, if so, whether Section 1 excuses the infringement. The
Court allows the appeal. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Reviewing the leading Canadian
and American cases, the Court concludes that the importance of a job to each
person creates the need for workers to speak openly on matters that pertain to
working conditions. Leafleting is a centuries-old and cost-effective way to
furnish information in aid of reasonable persuasion. Section 64 of the Labor
Relations Code states that a trade union and its members are free to
communicate with the public about a labor controversy unless it involves
picketing.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
On the other hand, Section 1(1)
of the Code defines picketing in such spacious terms as to include leafleting.
Other Code articles define what is proper and improper picketing, and in this
way the Code unduly restricts the Union's freedom to pass out leaflets to
explain its viewpoint to consumers. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Unlike consumer leafleting, a
picket line bars or hinders the public's access to goods and services, the
workers' ability to get to their work place and shippers' ability to deliver
goods. Leafleting, in short, lacks the coercive aspects of a picket line though
it may, like a lawful consumer boycott, cause the target business to lose
money. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
What is important is that a
Union's activity must not take away the consumer's freedom to accept or reject
the literature as well as to enter or depart from the neutral site. Here, the
leaflets contained accurate, non-defamatory messages and clearly spelled out
that the Union's dispute was with the primary employers only. Moreover, the number
of leafleters was small and did not interfere with the regular business
routines at the secondary sites. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
While the LRB did purport to take
the Charter into account, this Court has to decide whether its interpretation
was right. Sections 1, 65 and 67 of the Code totally bars any persuasive
activity by striking or locked-out employees at neutral sites. The goal is to
minimize the impact of labor unrest on persons and companies not directly
involved in it.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
On the present issue, however,
the legislature failed to narrow its ban on coercive picketing so as to protect
the Union's right under the Charter to hand out leaflets. The Court, therefore,
strikes down the definition of "picketing" in Section 1(1) of the
Code but suspends its declaration of invalidity for six months. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<b>Citation:</b> United Food and
Commercial Workers v. K-Mart Canada Ltd.,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>File No.: 26209 (Sup. Ct. of Can., Sept. 9, 1999).</div>
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-56950531055320522392018-07-14T13:26:00.004-07:002018-07-15T04:44:33.952-07:00Australian High Court holds that Greek Orthodox Archbishop who left his diocese in United States to preside over Orthodox community in Australia was serving under “contract of employment” ...<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>Australian High Court holds
that Greek Orthodox Archbishop who left his diocese in United States to preside
over Orthodox community in Australia was serving under “contract of employment”
with rights to annual and other leave guaranteed by Australian labor law</b></div>
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Spyridon Ermogenous (plaintiff)
was bishop of an Greek Orthodox community in the United States for many years.
In 1970, the Greek Orthodox Community of South Australia (defendant) offered
him an appointment as archbishop of their church and plaintiff accepted the
offer. For over twenty years, plaintiff served in that capacity, receiving a
regular agreed-upon compensation. </div>
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In 1994, plaintiff filed a claim
against defendant in the Industrial Relations Court of South Australia which
sought sums of money to compensate him under his employment contract for annual
and long service leave. A statute defines “contract of employment” as including
“a contract recognised at common law as a contract of employment under which a
person is employed for remuneration in an industry.” (Nothing in this case
turned on the reference to “industry” which was defined to mean, among other
things, an “occupation in which employees are employed”). </div>
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The magistrate ruled in
plaintiff’s favor. He found that the officers of defendant decided almost all
issues relating to church policy and to plaintiff’s duties, leaving very little
discretion to plaintiff. From these and other factors, he concluded that
plaintiff had been serving under an enforceable employment contract and that
the law applicable to such contracts required defendant to pay plaintiff sums
equivalent to the accumulated annual, and long service, leave. The magistrate
decided that the defendant was liable to the plaintiff for $23,989.35 for
payment in lieu of accumulated annual leave plus $10,672.80 for accumulated
long service leave. Judgment against defendant consisted of the sum of these
amounts with interest.</div>
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Defendant appealed to a single
judge of the Industrial Relations Court of South Australia and later to the
Full Industrial Relations Court but both dismissed its appeals. Upon review by
the Full Court of the Supreme Court of South Australia, however, that Court,
citing English and American cases, allowed the appeal and issued an order
dismissing plaintiff’s claims. With leave, plaintiff took his case to the High
Court of Australia. The High Court allows the appeal and remands the case to
the S.A. Supreme Court for further proceedings consistent with its opinion. </div>
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After examining the record, the
High Court first concludes that the industrial magistrate’s findings did not
support a conclusion by the Full Court of the S.A. Supreme Court that the law
should look upon the “church” as wholly distinct from defendant. Defendant
dealt in religious, cultural and athletic activities and not all members
belonged to the Orthodox Church.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Nor is it sound to analyze arrangements
between religious or similar bodies and ministers of religion based on
presumptions. For example, it does not make sense to “presume” that these
arrangements are predominantly “spiritual” or that neither party to religious
arrangements relating to property or economic rights intends them to be
enforceable at law. “At best, the use of that language does no more than invite
attention to identifying the party who bears the onus of proof. In this case,
where issue was joined about the existence of a legally binding contract
between the parties, there could be no doubt that it was for the [plaintiff] to
demonstrate that there was such a contract. Reference to presumptions may serve
only to distract attention from that more basic and important proposition.”
[N/A]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The record also indicates that
the magistrate did, in fact, make the parties’ contractual intentions a central
focus of his rulings. “He undertook a similarly close examination of the
evidence that had been called at the trial of this matter about those subjects.
That is, he examined, with care, all of the objective circumstances which bore
on whether the parties intended to make a contract, as distinct from an
arrangement binding only in honour.” [N/A] The bottom line is that the Supreme
Court drew inferences as to the lack of contractual intent that the
magistrate’s findings cannot support. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<b>Citation: </b>Ermogenous v.
Greek Orthodox Community of S.A., Inc., 187 A.L.R. 92 (Aust. High Ct., March 7,
2002).</div>
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-51096357225299986162018-07-14T13:26:00.002-07:002018-07-15T04:46:59.601-07:00Fifth Circuit affirms dismissal of employment dispute over work performed for American company in Kuwait ...<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fifth Circuit
affirms dismissal of employment dispute over work performed for American
company in Kuwait based on forum non conveniens</span></b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">DynCorp
International, L.L.C. (“DynCorp”), an American company with its principal place
of business in Texas, provides logistics support services to U.S. Army. In
2011, DynCorp extended an offer to Jonathan Barnett, a Georgia resident, to
work for DynCorp in Kuwait. DynCorp and Barnett signed a one-year Foreign
Service Employment Agreement drafted by DynCorp in Texas. In February 2012,
Barnett signed a similar one-year contract, and in March 2013, an extension of
the same contract (the “Agreement”).</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">According
to the Agreement, Barnett’s geographical location of employment was Kuwait; his
base wages were set in American dollars, while his overtime and working holiday
compensation were to be paid at premium rates in accordance with Kuwait Labor
Law. Furthermore, Barnett’s work schedule, holidays, medical leave benefits,
circumstances under which he could be terminated, and compensation due upon
termination were also to be determined according to Kuwait law. Moreover, the
Agreement incorporated a forum-selection clause, which stated: “This Contract
shall be governed by and interpreted exclusively under the laws of Kuwait and
all disputes between the Parties shall be resolved exclusively in Kuwait.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Upon
completing a one-week training program in Texas, Barnett flew to Kuwait where
he worked two years plus. According to Barnett, he worked seventy-two hours per
week, including some of his “off days” and public holidays. </span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
March 2013, DynCorp informed Barnett that his employment would soon be
terminated because DynCorp would no longer provide services at Barnett’s
location. In its letter, DynCorp promised Barnett that he would receive an
end-of-service indemnity, accrued and unused leave credit, and other benefits;
and that any balance of wages due would be distributed on the next scheduled
pay date after Barnett’s departure from Kuwait. In June 2013, Barnet concluded
his work for DynCorp and left Kuwait. </span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
March 2015, Barnett filed and action in a federal court in Texas alleging that
he never received all of the wages and benefits DynCorp owed him, and that
DynCorp breached the Agreement by failing to provide him overtime pay, paid
leave, end-of service payment, and premature contract termination damages as he
is entitled by Kuwait Labor Law. </span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">DynCorp
moved to dismiss Barnett’s action on the basis of forum non conveniens. In its
motion to dismiss DynCorp argued that Agreement’s forum-selection clause
mandates that the action be litigated in Kuwait. In his response to the motion
Barnett argued that forum-selection clause is void under Texas law and
unenforceable under federal law. He specifically argued that under Texas Civil
Practice & Remedies Code section 16.070 the forum-selection clause is void
because it directs litigation to a forum in which the limitations period for
breach of an employment contract is less than two years. Relying on the
decision in Atlantic Marine Construction Co. v. United States District Court,
134 S. Ct. 568 (2013), the district court granted the motion. Barnett appealed.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirms district court’s
decision. The
key issue here is whether a forum-selection clause in an agreement is void if
it directs litigation to a forum in which the laws are less favorable than the
law of the state in which the agreement was signed.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Court reviewed this case de novo. Deciding on which jurisdiction’s law governs,
and to what effect, the Court states:</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Atlantic
Marine tells us that a ‘valid’ forum-selection clause pointing to a foreign
tribunal requires forum non conveniens dismissal absent unusual circumstances.
134 S. Ct. at 581-83 & n.8. But in Atlantic Marine, ‘there was no dispute
that the forum-selection clause was valid.’ Id. at 576. And the Court noted,
without elaboration, that its analysis ‘presuppose[d] a contractually valid
forum-selection clause.’ Id. at 581 n.5. Atlantic Marine thus did not answer
under what law forum-selection clauses should be deemed invalid, see In re
Union Elec. Co., 787 F.3d 903, 906-07 (8th Cir. 2015)—an issue that has long
divided courts, see, e.g., Lambert v. Kysar, 983 F.2d 1110, 1116 & n.10
(1st Cir. 1993) (noting a circuit split over whether to apply federal or state
law). Consequently, courts and commentators have continued to express
uncertainty about ‘whether a federal court in a diversity case should look to
federal law, state law or both when deciding whether a forum selection clause
is valid.’ Rolfe v. Network Funding LP, No. 14-CV-9-BBC, 2014 WL 2006756, at *1
(W.D. Wis. May 16, 2014); see Linda S. Mullenix, Gaming the System: Protecting
Consumers from Unconscionable Contractual Forum-Selection and Arbitration
Clauses, 66 HASTINGS L.J. 719, 731(2015). […]”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Neither
the Supreme Court nor this court has said what source of law governs the
‘validity’ of a forum-selection clause. But even in diversity cases, federal
law governs the ‘enforceability’ of forum-selection clauses in this circuit.
Haynsworth v. The Corp., 121 F.3d 956, 962 (5th Cir. 1997); see Weber, 811 F.3d
at 770. This federal law, derived from a pair of seminal admiralty cases,
requires a party attacking a forum-selection clause to overcome a presumption
of enforceability by showing that the clause is ‘`unreasonable’ under the
circumstances’ because (1)
the incorporation of the forum selection clause into the agreement was the
product of fraud or overreaching; (2) the party seeking to escape enforcement
‘will for all practical purposes be deprived of his day in court’ because of
the grave inconvenience or unfairness of the selected forum; (3) the
fundamental unfairness of the chosen law will deprive the plaintiff of a
remedy; or (4) enforcement of the forum selection clause would contravene a
strong public policy of the forum state. Haynsworth, 121 F.3d at 963 (citing
Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Shute, 499 U.S. 585, 595 (1991), and M/S Bremen
v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 12-13 (1972)). When the ‘interpretation’
of a forum-selection clause is at issue in a diversity case, however, we apply
the forum state’s choice-of-law rules to determine what substantive law
governs. Weber, 811 F.3d at 770-71.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">While
Barnett argued that the “validity” of a forum-selection clause is a matter of
substantive contract law that is separate from and must precede any federal-law
analysis of “enforceability” or application of Atlantic Marine, DynCorp offered
a different approach arguing that “validity” in this context is just part of
the federal law of enforceability, which heavily favors forum-selection
clauses.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Court disagrees with Barnett’s position for the following reasons:</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“[…]
First, we do not appear to have drawn his distinction between validity and
enforceability, instead seeming to treat those words as synonyms in the
forum-selection clause context. Even in diversity cases, we have often framed
our analysis of such clauses by quoting Bremen’s instruction that
forum-selection clauses ‘are prima facie valid and should be enforced unless
enforcement is shown by the resisting party to be `unreasonable’ under the
circumstances.’ Int’l Software Sys., Inc. v. Amplicon, Inc., 77 F.3d 112, 114
(5th Cir. 1996) (emphasis added). Too, while presupposing a ‘valid’
forum-selection clause, the Court in Atlantic Marine did not mention the word
‘enforceability.’”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Barnett’s
position is also in tension with Stewart Organization, Inc. v. Ricoh Corp., 487
U.S. 22 (1988). There, the defendant moved to transfer or dismiss a contract
dispute on the basis of a forum-selection clause. The federal district court
denied that motion, reasoning that Alabama law controlled and disfavored
forum-selection clauses. Id. at 24. Indeed, the Alabama Supreme Court at that
time held that ‘contractual agreements by which it is sought to limit
particular causes of action which may arise in the future to a specified
place[] are . . . invalid.’ Redwing Carriers, Inc. v. Foster, 382 So. 2d 554,
556 (Ala. 1980), overruled by Prof’l Ins. Corp. v. Sutherland, 700 So. 2d 347
(Ala. 1997). Yet the U.S. Supreme Court reversed, holding that, if the forum
state’s law rejects forum-selection clauses, a district court should consider
that in its 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a)balancing of factors for and against transfer,
rather than afford the forum-selection clause ‘no consideration (as [state] law
might have it).’ Stewart, 487 U.S. at 30-31.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Court then enumerates the conditions that Barnett has to show in order to
prevail in this case.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“If
federal law alone controls the validity and enforceability of this
forum-selection clause, Barnett must show that the clause is unreasonable
because (1) the clause was incorporated into the Agreement by fraud or
overreaching, (2) the selected forum is gravely unfair or inconvenient, (3) the
chosen law is so fundamentally unfair as to deprive him of a remedy, or (4)
enforcement of the forum-selection clause would contravene a strong public
policy of the forum state. Haynsworth, 121 F.3d at 963. Barnett does not argue
any of the first three prongs. That leaves the question whether the clause’s
enforcement would contravene a strong public policy of Texas.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“If,
instead, the issue of a forum-selection clause’s ‘validity’ is separate from
its ‘enforceability’ and not determined by federal law in diversity cases, it
seems that the law applicable to that determination would be the same law
applicable to forum-selection clause interpretation—that is, the law selected
by the forum state’s choice-of-law rules. See Weber, 811 F.3d at 770-71 […]
‘Simplicity argues for determining the validity and meaning of a forum
selection clause,’ at least when ‘interests other than those of the parties
will not be significantly affected by the choice of which law is to control, by
reference to the law of the jurisdiction whose law governs the rest of the
contract in which the clause appears.’ Abbot Labs. v. Takeda Pharm. Co., 476
F.3d 421, 423 (7th Cir. 2007). And the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of
Laws, which Texas courts generally look to ‘[i]n deciding which state’s law
should govern the construction of contractual rights,’ Maxus Expl. Co. v. Moran
Bros., Inc., 817 S.W.2d 50, 53 (Tex. 1991), provides that ‘[t]he validity of a
contract, in respects other than capacity and formalities, is determined by the
law selected by’ the Restatement’s general choice-of-law principles,
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONFLICT OF LAWS § 200 (1971). Thus, if we were to look
to nonfederal law to determine the validity of this forum-selection clause, we
would not automatically apply Texas’s substantive law; rather, we would apply
the state’s choice-of-law rules. See Weber, 811 F.3d at 770. Under those rules,
Texas law would control only if the Agreement’s choice-of-law clause—which
‘exclusively’ selects Kuwaiti law to govern the Agreement and disputes between
the parties—is itself unenforceable. Cf. Nexen Inc. v. Gulf Interstate Eng’g
Co., 224 S.W.3d 412, 417 (Tex. App. 2006)[…].”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“‘The
Supreme Court of Texas has recognized that contractual choice of law provisions
should generally be enforced, but has also stated that `the parties’ freedom to
choose what jurisdiction’s law will apply . . . [is not] unlimited.’ Int’l
Interests, L.P. v. Hardy, 448 F.3d 303, 306-07 (5th Cir. 2006) (alteration in
original) (quoting DeSantis v. Wackenhut Corp., 793 S.W.2d 670, 677 (Tex.
1990)). That freedom is limited by Texas’s adoption of section 187 of the
Restatement, which provides:</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">(1)
The law of the state chosen by the parties to govern their contractual rights
and duties will be applied if the particular issue is one which the parties
could have resolved by an explicit provision in their agreement directed to
that issue.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">(2)
The law of the state chosen by the parties to govern their contractual rights
and duties will be applied, even if the particular issue is one which the
parties could not have resolved by an explicit provision in their agreement
directed to that issue, unless either</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">(a)
the chosen state has no substantial relationship to the parties or the
transaction and there is no other reasonable basis for the parties’ choice, or</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">(b)
application of the law of the chosen state would be contrary to a fundamental
policy of a state which has a materially greater interest than the chosen state
in the determination of the particular issue and which, under the rule of §
188, would be the state of the applicable law in the absence of an effective
choice of law by the parties.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">RESTATEMENT
§ 187; see DeSantis, 793 S.W.2d at 677-78.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“We
may assume, in Barnett’s favor, that we are dealing with an issue the parties
‘could [not] have resolved by an explicit provision in their agreement directed
to that issue.’ Thus, as in a recent case in which we applied Texas’
choice-of-law rules to render the Agreement’s choice-of-law provision
unenforceable, Barnett must satisfy Section 187(2) of the Restatement. See
Cardoni v. Prosperity Bank, 805 F.3d 573, 581 (5th Cir. 2015).</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
in that case, Section 187(2)(a) does not help Barnett because Kuwait clearly
has a ‘substantial relationship’ to this contract for services to be performed
there. See id. at 581-82; see also Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Drennen, 452 S.W.3d
319, 325 (Tex. 2014). Hence, the parties’ choice of Kuwaiti law would control
unless its application ‘would be [1] contrary to a fundamental policy of a
state [2] which has a materially greater interest than the chosen state in the
determination of the particular issue and [3] which, under the rule of § 188,
would be the state of the applicable law in the absence of an effective choice
of law by the parties.’ RESTATEMENT § 187(2); Drennen, 452 S.W.3d at 325-27.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Taking
the last of these requirements first, it is not clear that Texas law would
apply in the absence of an effective choice of law provision because, in a
contract for the performance of services, the main place of performance is
‘[as] a rule . . . conclusive in determining what state’s law is to apply.’
DeSantis, 793 S.W.2d at 679; see also RESTATEMENT § 196 (explaining that the
‘validity of a contract for the rendition of services’ is usually determined
‘by the local law of the state where the contract requires that the services,
or a major portion of the services, be rendered’); cf. Castilleja v. Camero,
414 S.W.2d 424, 426 (Tex. 1967) (holding, before Texas’s adoption of the
Restatement, that ‘[a] contract which is made in one jurisdiction but which
relates to and is to be performed in another jurisdiction is governed by the
law of the place of performance’). […]”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Court then analyses the question if the application of Kuwaiti law would
contravene a fundamental policy of the state of Texas as expressed in section
16.070.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“’The
Restatement does not give ‘a general definition of `fundamental policy,’ and
the Texas Supreme Court has been reluctant to provide one itself. Drennen, 452
S.W.3d at 327. That high court has, however, made clear that application of
foreign law ‘is not contrary to the fundamental policy of the forum merely
because it leads to a different result,’ or ‘is materially different.’
DeSantis, 793 S.W.2d at 680. ‘[T]he focus,’ rather, ‘is on whether the law in
question is a part of state policy so fundamental that the courts of the state
will refuse to enforce an agreement contrary to that law, despite the parties’
original intentions, and even though the agreement would be enforceable in
another state connected with the transaction.’ Id.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“We
conclude that enforcing the Kuwaiti choice-of-law clause, even given the
statute of repose, would not contravene a fundamental policy of the state of
Texas. This court has affirmed a refusal to apply section 16.070’s
substantially similar predecessor to an agreement not shown to be ‘a Texas
contract.’ Watson v. R.I. Ins. Co., 196 F.2d 254, 254-56 (5th Cir. 1952). That
suggests that section 16.070 limits parties’ freedom to contractually shorten
limitation periods only in contracts otherwise governed by Texas law, and that
its underlying policy has similarly limited reach. […]”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“More
fundamentally, we are dealing not with a contractual limitations period, but
with a contractual choice of foreign law that includes a one-year statute of
repose for certain claims. ‘Unlike a statute of limitations, `a statute of
repose creates a substantive right to be free from liability after a
legislatively determined period.’ Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. Poole
Chem. Co., 419 F.3d 355, 363 (5th Cir. 2005) (quoting Cadle Co. v. Wilson, 136
S.W.3d 345, 350 (Tex. App. 2004)); see also CTS Corp. v. Waldburger, 134 S. Ct.
2175, 2182-83 (2014). A statute of repose, therefore, typically operates as ‘a
substantive definition of, rather than a procedural limitation on, rights.’
Trinity River Auth. v. URS Consultants, Inc., 889 S.W.2d 259, 261 (Tex. 1994)
(quoting Lamb v. Wedgewood S. Corp., 302 S.E.2d 868, 872 (N.C. 1983)); see also
Galbraith Eng’g Consultants, Inc. v. Pochucha, 290 S.W.3d 863, 866 (Tex. 2009).
[…]”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“The
statute of repose, therefore, is part of Barnett and DynCorp’s choice of a body
of substantive law to govern their relationship. The text of section
16.070—which proscribes provisions ‘that purport[] to limit the time in which
to bring suit’ or ‘establish[] a limitation period that is shorter than two
years’—gives no indication that it bars provisions selecting foreign law that
includes, as a substantive matter, a shorter-than-two-years statute of repose.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Court concluded that Barnett’s “[…] relied-upon state law neither voids this
forum-selection clause nor renders its enforcement unreasonable under federal
law. The district court was therefore right to apply Atlantic Marine’s modified
forum non conveniens framework. As the district court recognized, Barnett’s
choice of forum merits no weight in this analysis, and the private-interest
factors ‘weigh entirely in favor of the preselected forum,’ Kuwait. See Atl.
Marine, 134 S. Ct. at 582. […]”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Concluding
also that the district court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing
Barnett’s action, the Court affirmed district court’s decision. </span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Citation:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Barnett v.
DynCorp International, LLC, 831. F.3d 296 (5th Cir. 2016).</span></div>
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-48125493945988702002018-07-14T13:25:00.007-07:002018-07-15T04:49:29.413-07:00Ninth Circuit holds that application of Nonresident Workers Act in Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands which are politically united ... Curt Surls, Employment Lawyer.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<b>Ninth Circuit holds that
application of Nonresident Workers Act in Commonwealth of Northern Mariana
Islands which are politically united to United States did not violate
nonresident plaintiff’s rights under U.S. Constitution and statutes </b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
After World War II, the United
Nations classified most of the Micronesian Islands, including the Northern
Mariana Islands, as the “Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands” (TTPI). The
United States was to administer the TTPI under the obligation of “promoting the
development of the inhabitants of the trust territory toward self‑government or
independence.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The Marshall Islands, Palau, and
Federated States of Micronesia eventually became independent states. Unlike the
other Pacific states, the Northern Mariana Islands worked out a permanent
political union with the U.S.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
On February 15, 1975, the parties
signed The Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
in Political Union with the United States of America (the Covenant). Congress’s
Joint Resolution on March 24, 1976 brought it into force [Pub. L. No. 94‑241,
90 Stat. 263 (1976), 48 U.S.C. Section 1801 note].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Under Article 101 of the
Covenant, the U.S. acquired sovereignty and “ultimate political authority” over
the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). The Covenant
explicitly makes certain portions of the U. S. Constitution, and most statutes
in effect at the time of the Covenant’s enactment, apply to the CNMI. In
addition, Congress can enact laws that affect the CNMI by naming the CNMI in
any legislation not inconsistent with the Covenant. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The authority of the U.S. over
the CNMI is not plenary, however, but arises only from the Covenant. In
general, the Covenant confirms to the CNMI a substantial measure of self‑government,
granting the people of the CNMI control over its internal affairs. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Germane to this case, the
Covenant exempts the CNMI from U.S. immigration and naturalization laws as well
as from its minimum wage laws. The immigration exemption allegedly arose from
the CNMI’s fears that large numbers of Asian immigrants would migrate to the
CNMI under U.S. numerical quotas. The exemption from American minimum wage laws
rested on sensitivity to the CNMI’s stagnant economic condition. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
In 1983, the CNMI passed the
Nonresident Workers Act (NWA), 3 N. Mar. I. Code Section 4411 et seq. (1999).
The Court summarizes its basic provisions as follows. “When applying to work
under the NWA, a nonresident worker must submit an affidavit stating that he or
she meets the qualifications of the job being sought, ... and has not been
convicted of a felony or crime of moral turpitude. [Cites]” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
“The worker must also disclose
his or her marital status and the existence of any dependents, [cite] and
undergo a physical examination once he or she arrives in the CNMI [cite]. A
nonresident is not allowed to work in the CNMI without a contract preapproved
by the [local] Department of Labor. [Cite].” [Slip op. 6-7]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
In 1991, Bonifacio Vitug Sagana
(plaintiff) entered the CNMI as a nonresident worker. After he had served as a
security guard for three years, his employer fired him. Plaintiff later filed a
successful suit for wrongful termination and unpaid wages. Between 1994 and
2000, plaintiff worked under temporary permits or as an unapproved nonresident
worker. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
In November 2000, a Department of
Labor and Immigration official determined that, lacking valid work status,
plaintiff had to leave the CNMI within twenty days. Plaintiff’s appeal of the
order did not succeed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The following month, plaintiff
filed an action in the CNMI Superior Court against Joaquin A. Tenorio, in his
official capacity as Secretary of the Department of Labor and Immigration,
CNMI. It sought declaratory and injunctive relief, monetary damages and
attorney fees. Defendants removed the case to the local federal court. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The district court dismissed some
of plaintiff’s claims and the parties settled all but one of the remaining
claims. The Settlement Agreement left it open for plaintiff to seek a
declaration as to whether he “has the right to freely market his labor in the
common occupations of life to any prospective employer without restriction and
on equal terms as any citizen for so long a period as Plaintiff is lawfully
admitted to the CNMI as a nonresident worker.” [Slip op. 8-9]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The court gave summary judgment
to defendant and plaintiff filed an appeal. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Ninth Circuit affirms.</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection2">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Despite the district court’s
belief to the contrary, the Circuit Court finds that plaintiff’s pleadings and
motions sufficiently invoked 42 U.S.C. Section 1981(a). It provides that “all
persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right
in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts ... and to the full
and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and
property as is enjoyed by white citizens ...”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The right to dispose of one’s
labor freely by contract is basic to the protections guaranteed by Section
1981. See Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409, 441 n. 78 (1968).
Congress, in reenacting the 1866 Civil Rights Act, ... extended the safeguards
of the civil rights statutes to aliens. [Cite] In Graham v. Richardson, 403
U.S. 365 (1971), the Supreme Court determined that states could not restrict
the eligibility for welfare benefits solely on the basis of alienage.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“The question of who can claim
the protections of Section 1981 is different from that which asks what
protections it affords. ... The guarantee that ‘all persons’ may enjoy the same
rights that ‘white citizens’ enjoy’ does not protect against discrimination on
the basis of gender or religion, [cite]; disability, [cite]; age, [cite]; or
political affiliation, [cite]. We hold that Section 1981 prohibits governmental
discrimination on the basis of alienage.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Defendant tried to persuade the
Court that Section 1981 does not apply to the CNMI’s immigration laws. The
Court, however, is not convinced. “Immigration authority controls, who, where,
when, how, and for how long, and the conditions under which, a visitor may
enter and remain in a territory, but it does not necessarily deal with all the
rights and duties of persons in a given jurisdiction after the entry has taken
place.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“The Covenant provides that, with
a few exceptions, all laws in existence at the time of the Covenant’s passage
apply in the CNMI. [Cite] The CNMI [has] agreed to be bound by ... the
Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments and the statutes enforcing them. [Cite].”
[Slip op. 22-23]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
With respect to the Equal
Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, plaintiff takes issue with both
the lower court’s choice of “rational basis” scrutiny and its application to
him. The appellate court points out that the Amendment “applies to the CNMI ‘as
if [it] were one of the several states.’ [Cites] Aliens who are in the
jurisdiction of the United States under any status, even as illegal entrants or
under a legal fiction, are entitled to the protections of the Fourteenth
Amendment.” [Cites]</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
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“Equal protection claims are
considered under a two‑step analysis. First, an appellant must show that the
statute in question ‘results in members of a certain group being treated
differently from other persons based on membership in that group.’ [Cite]. This
hurdle is easily cleared. It is uncontested that the NWA is a discriminatory
statute, treating nonresidents differently from residents and citizens. ....”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“In the second step, a court
assesses the legitimacy of a discriminatory statute under the appropriate level
of scrutiny. ... The CNMI government argues that we should exercise rational
basis review rather than intermediate scrutiny, ... We need not reach the
question ..., as the NWA survives under either rational or intermediate levels
of review.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“When enacting the NWA, the CNMI
legislature stated that ‘it is essential to a balanced and stable economy in
the Commonwealth that residents be given preference in employment and that any
necessary employment of nonresident workers in the Commonwealth not impair the
wages and working conditions of resident workers.’ [Cite]. The legislature also
recognized that the stagnant CNMI economy needed temporary alien labor because
the small resident working force was substantially occupied in public sector
employment.” [Slip op. 23-26]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“The CNMI legislature has seen
fit to create a temporary class of employees for the purpose of bolstering the
CNMI economy, giving job preference to its residents, and protecting the wages
and conditions of resident workers while enforcing a system to control and
regulate its visiting laborers. These are reasonable, important purposes.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
In the Court’s view, the NWA has
also set up procedures adequate to ensure that the government will fairly
administer its provisions. “[Plaintiff] has not shown that the NWA is not
closely related to the CNMI’s important governmental goals of boosting its
economy, giving preference to its resident workers, and providing a system of
regulating and accounting for its nonresident workforce. The limitation of
[plaintiff’s] ability to contract his labor under the NWA does not violate his
equal protection rights.” [Slip op. 26]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The Court also rejects plaintiff’s
due process objections. “The Due Process Clause prohibits restraints on liberty
that are arbitrary and purposeless. ... ‘The ... Clause specially protects
those fundamental rights and liberties which are, objectively, deeply rooted in
this Nation’s history and tradition, and implicit in the concept of ordered
liberty, such that neither liberty nor justice would exist if they were
sacrificed.’ Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 720‑21 (1997).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
As early as 1915, the federal
courts have held that “[r]estrictions on selecting and pursuing work are
recognized by the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. ... More recently,
the Supreme Court stated that ‘the ... Clause includes some generalized due
process right to choose one’s field of private employment.’ Conn v. Gabbert,
526 U.S. 286, 291‑92 (1999).”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“However, the [Supreme] Court has
never held that the right to pursue work is a fundamental right.<br />
The Court has
stated that the ‘generalized’ right to choose one’s employment ‘is nevertheless
subject to reasonable government regulation.’ Conn, 526 U.S. at 292. Our court
has described the judicial review which applies to laws infringing on
nonfundamental rights as a very narrow one.” [Slip op. 31-32]<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Citation: </b>Sagana v.
Tenorio, No. 03‑15779, 2004 U.S. App. LEXIS 18824 (9th Cir. Sept. 7, 2004).</div>
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-53785218872170213922018-07-14T13:25:00.005-07:002018-07-15T05:15:57.472-07:00In suit claiming that liability policy covered racial discrimination claims brought by journalist Carl Rowan against Chicago Sun Times, Ontario Court of Appeal reads policy ... Curt Surls, Employment Lawyer<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>In suit claiming that
liability policy covered racial discrimination claims brought by journalist
Carl Rowan against Chicago Sun Times, Ontario Court of Appeal reads policy in
light of “fortuity principle” and concludes that it did not provide coverage
for alleged intentional discrimination</b><br />
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Liberty Mutual Insurance Company
(Liberty) is a Canadian company with its headquarters in Toronto. In that
Province, it issued a comprehensive general liability insurance policy to
Hollinger Inc. of Ontario applicable to the insured’s business activities
worldwide.</div>
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<br />
Carl Rowan, a respected
African-American journalist highly supportive of civil rights, was writing
three columns per week for The Chicago Sun Times, a recently-acquired Hollinger
subsidiary. Mr. Rowan later sued the Times and Hollinger (presumably in
District of Columbia federal court), in major part alleging age and racial
discrimination in violation of the District of Columbia and U.S. civil rights
statutes. According to his complaint, after Hollinger had taken control of the
Sun Times, the paper decided to increase its appeal to a “white” readership. The
upshot was that it willfully sought to terminate Mr. Rowan’s employment
contract.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Hollinger notified Liberty about
Mr. Rowan’s claim, retained counsel and eventually settled the discrimination
case. Hollinger then tendered the claim to Liberty, requesting a contribution
to the cost of defense and indemnity with respect to the discrimination claims.
Liberty declined and sought a declaratory judgment from an Ontario court that
it owed no duty to defend Hollinger.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The relevant personal injury
items the policy covered included: “False arrest, detention or imprisonment,
malicious prosecution, libel, slander, defamation of character, invasion of
privacy, wrongful eviction or wrongful entry sustained by any person or
organization during the policy period.” The policy, however, expressly ruled
out coverage for: “The wilful violation of a penal statute or ordinance
committed by or with the knowledge or consent of any Insured.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The trial judge held that the
policy did require Liberty to furnish Hollinger with a defense and dismissed
the application.</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection2">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Noting that Mr. Rowan had cast
his discrimination claims as wilful, the trial judge found that there was still
coverage because the claims did not rest upon “a penal statute.” She conceded
that both the D.C. Human Rights Act and the U.S. Civil Rights Act did contain
enforcement provisions providing for fines and imprisonment. Nevertheless, Mr.
Rowan had formulated his claims for compensatory and punitive damages under
sections creating private rights of action against a wrongdoer.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The judge also cited both
Canadian and American authority classifying human rights legislation as
“remedial” rather than “penal.” Additionally, she relied on the principle of
insurance law that if there is a “mere possibility” that the allegations as
pleaded lie within the policy coverage, the insurer has to provide a defense
because a court has to resolve any uncertainty on the issue of coverage in
favor of the insured.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The insurer filed the present
appeal. The Ontario Court of Appeal agrees with Liberty’s position and
unanimously allows the appeal. The parties agree that the law of Ontario
controls, since Hollinger resides in that province and the parties had executed
the policy there.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Liberty made three arguments to
show that the policy does not cover acts of intentional discrimination. First,
the policy bars claims based on a “wilful violation of a penal statute.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Second, a basic economic
principle of insurance law makes policies applicable only to the insured’s
“fortuitous” or nonintentional acts. Finally, it would be unsound public policy
to extend insurance coverage to intentional acts of discrimination.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
As to the first point, the Court
of Appeal agrees with the trial judge that Mr. Rowan’s suit asked only for
compensatory damages rather than the enforcement of a penalty. Of course, the
statutes he invoked did have both civil and criminal aspects. Nevertheless,
both Canadian and U.S. courts treat statutes as “remedial” when a plaintiff
seeks only civil remedies. Mr. Rowan clearly based his action on the civil
aspects of the D.C. and U.S. statutes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Next, the Court considers
Liberty’s argument that the Policy does not cover claims of intentional
discrimination. “Apart from the exclusion clause, there are certain features of
the Policy that would appear, on their face, to allow for coverage for claims
of intentional discrimination. Claims of discrimination in Article 9 are but
one aspect of a broader category of claims for ‘personal injury’ and several of
the itemized categories falling within that general category involve
intentional wrongdoing. For example, coverage is provided for claims for false
arrest, detention or imprisonment, and malicious prosecution. These causes of
action are intentional torts and ordinarily require a high level of intentional
conduct.” [¶ 15]</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
“However, I agree with Liberty
that this language must be read and interpreted in light of a general principle
of insurance law that arises from the very nature and purpose of insurance,
namely, that ordinarily only fortuitous or contingent losses are covered by a
liability policy. Where an insured intends to cause the very harm that gives
rise to the claim, the insured cannot look to a liability policy for indemnity.
[Cite]”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“It is important to keep in mind
the underlying economic rationale for insurance,”the Court stresses. “C. Brown
and J. Menezes, Insurance Law in Canada (2nd ed. 1991), state this point well
at pp. 125‑26: ‘Insurance is a mechanism for transferring fortuitous contingent
risks. Losses that are neither fortuitous nor contingent cannot economically be
transferred because the premium would have to be greater than the value of the
subject matter in order to provide for marketing and adjusting costs and a
profit for the insurer.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“It follows, therefore, that even
where the literal working of a policy might appear to cover certain losses, it
does not, in fact, do so if (1) the loss is from the inherent nature of the
subject matter being insured, or (2) it results from the intentional actions of
the insured. In other words, insurance usually makes economic sense only where
the losses covered are unforeseen or accidental: The assumptions on which
insurance is based are undermined if successful claims arise out of loss which
is not fortuitous.’” [¶ 16]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Liberty’s public policy
contention is then taken up. “[The] economic rationale takes on a public policy
flavour where, as here, the acts for which the insured is seeking coverage are
socially harmful. It may be undesirable to encourage people to injure others
intentionally by indemnifying them from the civil consequences. On the other
hand, denying coverage has the undesirable effect of precluding recovery
against a judgment‑proof defendant, thus perhaps discouraging ... victims from
bringing claims.” [Id.] Clearly, the Court observes, these two policies may
potentially conflict since the former looks to narrow the scope of coverage
while the latter would broaden it.“ The fortuity principle does not [however]
exclude coverage for all claims that arise from intentional acts. An
intentional act may have unintended consequences. If the unintended consequence
falls within the terms of the policy, it will be covered even if it was caused
by the intentional act of the insured. This distinction is reflected by the
terms of Section 118 of the Insurance Act, which provides that the
‘contravention of any criminal or other law ... does not, by that fact alone,
render unenforceable a claim for indemnity under a contract of insurance except
where the contravention is committed by the insured ... with intent to bring
about loss or damage.’” [¶ 18]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“In my view, Rowan’s claims of
discrimination cannot be described as claims for accidental or fortuitous loss
nor can they be qualified as claims for the unintended consequence of an
intentional act. They are, rather, claims of intentional wrongdoing and arise
from allegations that Hollinger intended to inflict the very wrong of which
Rowan complains. It follows that Rowan’s claims fall outside the terms of the
Policy and that Liberty is not required to provide Hollinger with a defence.”
[¶ 19] </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The Canadian courts have
seemingly not considered the issue of whether insurance coverage for
discrimination claims is contrary to public policy. There is, however, an
extensive body of American authority on this point. Most American courts which
have addressed the question have barred insurance coverage for claims of
intentional discrimination.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“On the other hand, the American
courts have, for the most part, distinguished intentional or ‘disparate
treatment’ discrimination from unintended or ‘disparate impact’ claims and
allowed liability insurance coverage for the latter. For example, in Solo Cup
Company v. Federal Insurance Company 619 F.2d 1178 (7th Cir. 1980), the ...
Court of Appeals held that insurance coverage of disparate impact liability is
not contrary to the public interest against employment discrimination as
embodied in Title VII. The court held that allowing insurance coverage for
disparate impact liability would not injure the public good, and indeed might
promote the objects of the legislation as insurers would likely encourage and
facilitate the evaluation of employment standards.” [¶¶ 23-24] </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Finally, the Court of Appeal
refers to a 1999 opinion of the Canadian Supreme Court that seems to undermine
the applicability in Canada of a public policy analysis based upon indirect
(disparate impact) discrimination. “However, ... for the purposes of insurance
law, there is a well‑recognized distinction to be drawn between fortuitous or
accidental harm and harm that is caused intentionally. I do not consider that
distinction to be affected by the holding in [British Columbia (Public Service
Employee Relations Commission) v. B.C.G.S.E.U., [1999] 3 S.C.R. 3], even in
relation to discrimination claims. I would, therefore, decide this appeal on
the basis of the fortuity principle and leave the broader public policy issue
of insurance coverage for claims of discrimination for another day.” [¶ 25]<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b>Citation: </b>Liberty
Mutual Insurance Co. v. Hollinger Inc., 2004 A.C.W.S.J. 2016; 128 A.C.W.S. (3d)
1182 (Ont. Ct. App. Feb. 13).</div>
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comCalifornia, USA36.778261 -119.4179323999999823.886426 -140.07222939999997 49.670096 -98.763635399999984tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-44787109177114593202018-07-14T13:25:00.003-07:002018-07-15T04:53:57.973-07:00Fifth Circuit reverses district court determination that small arbitral award by Philippine arbitration panel in favor of injured seaman violated public policy ...<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fifth Circuit
reverses district court determination that small arbitral award by Philippine
arbitration panel in favor of injured seaman violated public policy of the
United States; remands for district court to enforce the arbitral award</span></b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
case arose out of work-related injuries that Lito Martinez Asignacion
(Asignacion), a citizen and resident of the Philippines, sustained while
working on a vessel owned by Rickmers Genoa Schiffahrtsgesellschaft mbH &
Cie KG (Rickmers), a German Corporation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asignacion
had signed a contract to work aboard the vessel M/V RICKMERS DAILAN owned by
Rickmers which sailed under the flag of the Marshall Islands. Under Philippine
law, foreign employers can hire Filipino workers through the Philippine
Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), which is an arm of the Philippine
government. Asignacion’s contract incorporated the “Standard Terms and
Conditions Governing the Employment of Filipino Seafarers On Board Ocean Going
Vessels” (Standard Terms), required by POEA. These terms include several
provisions related to dispute resolution, such as:</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Section
29—providing that in case of claims and disputes arising from the employment,
the parties shall submit the claim or dispute to the original and exclusive
jurisdiction of the voluntary arbitrator or panel of arbitrators; </span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Section
31—providing that any unresolved dispute, claim or grievance arising out of or
in connection with the contract shall be governed by the laws of the Republic
of the Philippines, international conventions, treaties, and covenants to which
the Philippines is a signatory; and</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Section
20 (B)—providing that when a seaman suffers work-related injuries, the employer
must provide the full cost of medical treatment until the seaman is declared
fit to work or his level of disability is declared after repatriation to the
Philippines; that if the seaman is permanently disabled, he is entitled to
disability benefits; and that the contract covers “all claims arising from or
in the course of the seafarer’s employment, including but not limited to
damages arising from the contract, tort, fault or negligence under the laws of
the Philippines or any other country.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asignacion
suffered burns when a cascade tank aboard the vessel overflowed. The vessel was
at that moment docked in the Port of New Orleans, Louisiana. Asignacion
received treatment at a burn unit in Baton Rouge, and was thereafter
repatriated to the Philippines, where he continued to receive medical
attention. Asignacion sued Rickmers in Louisiana state court to recover for his
bodily injuries. The court found that Asignacion sustained severe burns to 35% of
his body, suffered problems with his body-heat control mechanism, and
experienced skin ulcerations and sexual dysfunction. When Rickmers filed an
exception seeking to enforce the arbitration clause of Asignacion’s contract,
the state court granted the exception, stayed litigation, and ordered
arbitration in the Philippines.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
arbitration commenced before a Philippine panel convened under the auspices of
the Philippine Department of Labor and Employment. The panel found that Section
31 of the Standard Terms prevented the panel from applying any law besides
Philippine law. Furthermore, the panel accepted Rickmers’s physician’s finding
that Asignacion had a Grade 14 disability—the lowest grade of compensable
disability under the Standard Terms—which entitled Asignacion to a lump sum of
$1,870.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asignacion
filed a motion in Louisiana state court, asking that Rickmers show cause as to
why the Philippine arbitral award should not be set aside for violating United
States public policy. Rickmers removed the suit to federal court and brought a
second action in the district court seeking to enforce the arbitral award.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
district court determined that the only defense Asignacion invoked was Article
V(2)(b) of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards, June 10, 1958, 21 U.S.T. 2517, 330 U.N.T.S. 3. (“Convention”),
which allows a signatory country to refuse enforcement if “recognition or
enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public policy of that
country.” The district court then applied the traditional choice-of-law
analysis for maritime injury cases, the Lauritzen—Rhoditis test. See Lauritzen
v. Larsen, 345 U.S. 571 (1953), and Hellenic Lines Ltd. v. Rhoditis, 398 U.S.
306 (1970). The law of the vessel’s flag—in this case the Marshall
Islands—should apply absent a valid choice-of-law clause. </span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Furthermore,
the court found that the Marshall Islands adopted the general maritime law of
the United States, and held that enforcing the arbitral award would violate the
United States public policy protecting seamen. The public-policy violation,
according to the court, arose not from the arbitrator’s failure to apply United
States law, but rather because applying Philippine law effectively denied
Asignacion the opportunity to pursue the remedies to which he was entitled as a
seaman, such as maintenance and cure, negligence and unseaworthiness. The
district court also held that the prospective-waiver doctrine, which invalidates
certain combined choice-of-law and choice-of-forum provisions, applied to
Asignacion’s contract, and entered an order refusing to enforce the Philippine
arbitral award. Rickmers appealed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reverses the district
court’s decision and remands for the district court to enforce the award.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
issue is whether an arbitral award can be set aside pursuant to Article V(2)(b)
of the Convention’s public policy exception when it effectively denies a seamen
the right to pursue his general maritime remedies.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Court finds that both forums in this case, the United States and the
Philippines, are signatories of the Convention. As the court noted, “[t]he
Convention applies when an arbitral award has been made in one signatory state
and recognition or enforcement is sought in another signatory state.” The Court
adds that “[a]n award’s enforcement is governed by the Convention, as
implemented at 9 U.S.C. § 201 et seq., if the award arises out of a commercial
dispute and at least one party is not a United States citizen.” [Slip op. 4]
The Court concludes that the award issued as a result of the arbitration
between Asignacion and Rickmers is governed by the Convention.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“A
party to an award governed by the Convention may bring an action to enforce the
award in a United States court that has jurisdiction. The court ‘shall confirm’
the award unless a ground to refuse enforcement or recognition specified in the
Convention applies. The Convention permits a signatory to refuse to recognize
or enforce an award if ‘recognition or enforcement of the award would be
contrary to the public policy of that country.’”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Arbitral
awards falling under the Convention are enforced under the Federal Arbitration
Act (FAA). An ‘emphatic federal policy’ favors arbitral dispute resolution. The
Supreme Court has noted that this policy ‘applies with special force in the
field of international commerce.’ The FAA permits courts to ‘vacate an
arbitrator’s decision ‘only in very unusual circumstances.’’ A district court’s
review of an award is ‘extraordinarily narrow.’ Similarly, a court reviewing an
award under the Convention cannot refuse to enforce the award solely on the
ground that the arbitrator may have made a mistake of law or fact. The party
opposing enforcement of the award on one of the grounds specified in the
Convention has the burden of proof.” [Slip op. 4] (footnotes omitted)</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Court does not depart from the already settled standards related to the public
policy defense. </span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“We
have held that the Convention’s ‘public policy defense is to be ‘construed
narrowly to be applied only where enforcement would violate the forum state’s
most basic notions of morality and justice.’ In the context of domestic
arbitral awards, the Supreme Court has recognized a public-policy defense only
when an arbitrator’s contract interpretation violates ‘‘some explicit public
policy’ that is ‘well defined and dominant, and is to be ascertained by
reference to the laws and legal precedents and not from general considerations
of supposed public interests.’ The Eleventh Circuit has held that the ‘explicit
public policy’ requirement applies with the same force to international awards
falling under the Convention.” [Slip op. 4]</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asignacion’s
public-policy defense was primarily based on the adequacy of remedies under
Philippine law. Moreover, Asignacion’s counsel urged that United States public
policy requires that foreign arbitral panels give seamen an adequate
choice-of-law determination; and that the arbitrators’ exclusive reliance on
the choice-of-law provision in Asignacion’s contract did not constitute a fair
choice-of law determination. </span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“To
the extent that Asignacion’s defense turns on the Philippine arbitrators’
exclusive reliance on the contract’s choice-of-law provision, courts are unable
to correct this sort of unexceptional legal error (if one was in fact made)
when reviewing an arbitral award. Applying Philippine law to a Filipino seaman
in Philippine arbitration, by itself, is not cause for setting aside the award,
even if American choice-of-law principles would lead to the application of
another nation’s law.” [Slip op. 5]</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“[T]he
United States has a public policy strongly favoring arbitration, which ‘applies
with special force in the field of international commerce.’ On the other hand,
the United States has an ‘explicit public policy that is well defined and
dominant’ with respect to seamen: maritime law provides ‘special solicitude to
seamen.’ Seamen have long been treated as ‘wards of admiralty,’ and the causes
of action and the remedies available to seamen reflect this special status. In
addition to the foundational policies favoring arbitration and protecting
seamen, other policies concerning international dispute resolution weigh in our
decision.” [Slip op. 5]</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“The
Supreme Court has rejected the ‘concept that all disputes must be resolved
under our laws and in our courts,’ even when remedies under foreign law do not
comport with American standards of justice. The Supreme Court has stated: ‘To
determine that American standards of fairness . . . must [apply] demeans the
standards of justice elsewhere in the world, and unnecessarily exalts the
primacy of United States law over the laws of other countries.’ Similarly, in
Romero v. International Terminal Operating Co. [358 U.S. 354 (1989)], which
addressed the application of choice-of-law principles to a seaman’s claim, the
Court stated:”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“‘To
impose on ships the duty of shifting from one standard of compensation to
another as the vessel passes the boundaries of territorial waters would be not
only an onerous but also an unduly speculative burden, disruptive of
international commerce and without basis in the expressed policies of this
country. The amount and type of recovery which a foreign seaman may receive
from his foreign employer while sailing on a foreign ship should not depend on
the wholly fortuitous circumstance of the place of injury.’”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Therefore,
even with regard to foreign seamen, United States public policy does not necessarily
disfavor lesser or different remedies under foreign law.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“The
importance of the POEA Standard Terms to the Philippine economy also weighs in
favor of enforcement. As the Ninth Circuit has noted, ‘[a]rbitration of all
claims by Filipino overseas seafarers is an integral part of the POEA’s mandate
to promote and monitor the overseas employment of Filipinos and safeguard their
interests.’ Asignacion points out, correctly, that the Convention directs a
court to consider the public policy of the country in which it sits, not the
public policy of the arbitral forum. But, while Philippine public policy does
not apply of its own force, our analysis of a foreign arbitral award is colored
by ‘concerns of international comity, respect for the capacities of foreign and
transnational tribunals, and sensitivity to the need of the international
commercial system for predictability in the resolution of disputes . . . even
assuming that a contrary result would be forthcoming in a domestic context.’”
[Slip op. 5-6]</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
Asignacion maintained that in particularly egregious circumstances, a United
States court may apply domestic choice-of-law and forum-selection laws as a
means of implementing the Convention’s public-policy defense and refusing to
enforce and award, the Court refers to the Lauritzen v. Larsen case and states:</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“[…]
The Court enumerated a seven-factor test to determine choice of law but also
commented that ‘[e]xcept as forbidden by some public policy, the tendency of
the law is to apply in contract matters the law which the parties intended to
apply.’ The Court then cautioned that ‘a different result would follow if the
contract attempted to avoid applicable law,’ such as applying foreign law to a
United States flagged ship. […]”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Lauritzen’s
rule — that contractual choice-of-law provisions for foreign seamen are
generally enforceable — favors Rickmers. However, the reach of the exception —
which condemns a choice-of-law provision that attempts to ‘avoid applicable
law’ — is less clear. On one hand, Rickmers did little, if anything, to avoid
applicable law through its contract with Asignacion. Rickmers had no say in the
choice-of-law provision, POEA’s Standard Terms mandated Philippine law. On the
other hand, the Philippine government has arguably attempted to avoid the
application of foreign law to its seamen. But it is far from certain that the
Lauritzen Court condemned such choice-of-law clauses mandated by a foreign
sovereign rather than a party to the contract.” [Slip op. 6-7]</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Court rejects Rickmers’s argument that the previous several cases decided by
the Court, which ordered that a Filipino seamen’s claims be resolved in
Philippine arbitration or under Philippine law, establish that applying
Philippine law to Asigancion’s claims does not violate public policy. </span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Our
decision in Calix-Chacon v. Global International Marine, Inc. [493 F.3d 507
(5th Cir. 2007)] addressed the question of reduced remedies in foreign law. In
Calix-Chacon, a Honduran seaman signed a contract providing that Honduran law would
apply and specifying a Honduran forum. He brought a claim in an American court
for maintenance and cure, and the district court held the forum-selection
clause unenforceable on public-policy grounds because both general maritime law
and the Shipowner’s Liability Convention of 1936 (Shipowner’s Convention)
‘express[ed] a strong public policy’ against abridging maintenance and cure
liability in contract. On appeal, we concluded that under our precedents, the
Shipowner’s Convention did not require us to invalidate a foreign
forum-selection clause when foreign law imposed a lower standard of care. We
vacated the district court’s decision because it relied on the Shipowner’s
Convention and remanded for further analysis of the public-policy question
under the general maritime law.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“In
Calix-Chacon, we expressly refrained from addressing the general maritime law’s
weight in the public-policy analysis. Nonetheless, our conclusion that the
Shipowner’s Convention did not, as a matter of policy, prevail over a reduced
standard of care in Honduran law, suggests we should be reluctant to conclude
that lesser remedies make an award unenforceable on policy grounds.” [Slip op.
7]</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asignacion
argued that Aggarao v. MOL Ship Management Co. [Civ. No. CCB-09-3106, 2014 WL 3894079
(D. Md. Aug. 7, 2014)] is on all fours with his claims. In Aggarao, the
Maryland district court refused to enforce a Filipino seamen’s arbitral award
because it found that Aggarao’s limited remedies under the POEA contract
violated public policy. The Court disagrees with the argument.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Unlike
in Aggarao, the arbitrators found that Asignacion had a Grade 14 disability —
the lowest compensable grade — and the district court made no findings related
to the adequacy of the award vis-à-vis Asignacion’s lasting injuries or unmet
medical expenses. Rather, the district court only determined that the
arbitration and award ‘effective[ly] deni[ed]’ Asignacion the right to pursue
his general maritime remedies. But that finding is insufficient to support the
conclusion that the public policy of the United States requires refusing to
enforce the award.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Asignacion’s
arbitral award does not represent the sum total of Rickmers’s obligation to
Asignacion under the POEA Standard Terms contract. Section 20(B) required
Rickmers to pay Asignacion’s medical costs until he was repatriated to the
Philippines and his disability level was established. There is no dispute that
Rickmers met its obligations under Section 20(B). At oral argument,
Asignacion’s counsel represents that he has incurred medical expenses after
Rickmers’s Section 20(B) obligation terminated. But our careful review of the
record has found no evidence that the Philippine arbitral award was inadequate
relative to Asignacion’s unmet medical needs, let alone so inadequate as to
violate this nation’s ‘most basic notions of morality and justice.’ We conclude
that the district court erred in determining that Asignacion’s award violated
the public policy of the United States.” [Slip op. 8]</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Court agrees with Rickmers that the district court erred by relying on the
prospective-waiver doctrine to refuse to recognize the Philippine arbitral
award. </span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“In
Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler ChryslerPlymouth, Inc. [473 U.S. 614, 619-21
(1985)], the Supreme Court addressed a district court’s enforcement of an
agreement to arbitrate, which forced an auto dealer to arbitrate its antitrust
claims under the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1 et seq., in Japan. The Court
commented, in dictum, that ‘in the event the choice-of-forum and choice-of-law
clauses operated in tandem as a prospective waiver of a party’s right to pursue
statutory remedies for antitrust violations, we would have little hesitation in
condemning the agreement as against public policy.’ Similarly, in Vimar Seguros
y Reaseguros, S.A. v. M/V Sky Reefer [515 U.S. 528, 540-41 (1995)], the Court,
again in dictum, suggested that Mitsubishi’s prospective-waiver doctrine might
apply to contracts under the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 46 U.S.C. app. §
1300 et seq. In both cases, the Court declined to apply the doctrine, in part,
because it would be premature to do so; each case addressed the enforceability
of an agreement to arbitrate, as opposed to awards in which the arbitrators
actually failed to address causes of action under American statutes.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“The
present case is at the award-enforcement stage, unlike Mitsubishi and Vimar,
and the district court applied the prospective-waiver doctrine. The district
court noted that the antitrust laws in Mitsubishi and COGSA in Vimar applied to
‘business disputes between sophisticated parties.’ Because seamen are afforded
special protections under United States law, unlike sophisticated parties, the
district court concluded that the prospective-waiver doctrine prevented the
enforcement of the Philippine arbitral award.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“However,
the prospective-waiver doctrine is limited to statutory rights and remedies.
From Mitsubishi onwards, the Supreme Court has referred only to ‘statutory’
rights and remedies when discussing the doctrine. The Court recently continued
that phrasing in American Express Co. v. Italian Colors Restaurant, where the
Court refused to apply the doctrine to a waiver of class arbitration. The
Supreme Court has not extended the prospective-waiver doctrine beyond statutory
rights and remedies. The district court therefore erred when it relied on the
doctrine to afford Asignacion an opportunity to pursue his claims under the
general maritime law. Additionally, to apply that doctrine in every case in
which a seaman agreed to a choice-of-law provision that would result in lesser
remedies than those available under laws of the United States would be at odds
with the rationale of the Supreme Court’s reasoning in Romero v. International
Terminal Operating Co., discussed above.” [Slip op. 8-9] (Footnotes omitted)</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Court reverses the order of the district court, and remands for the district
court to enforce the arbitral award.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Citation:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Asignacion v.
Rickmers Genoa Schiffahrtsgesellschaft mbH & Cie KG, 783 F.3d 1010 (5th
Cir. 2015).</span></div>
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-18519443464386763132018-07-14T13:25:00.001-07:002018-07-15T04:55:56.910-07:00Ontario Court of Appeal rules that libel suit about sexual harassment allegations ...<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Ontario Court of Appeal rules
that libel suit about sexual harassment allegations by recent provincial
resident against U.S. newspaper and reporters lacks “real and substantial”
connection to Ontario required for assumption of jurisdiction</b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Cheickh Bangoura (plaintiff) sued
the Washington Post and three of its reporters Messrs. Branigin, Rupert, and Buckley
(defendants) plus the United Nations and Fred Eckhard (later dropped from the
case) over two newspaper articles, which he claims are defamatory. When the
Post published the articles in January 1997, plaintiff was working for the
United Nations in Nairobi, Kenya. The articles had to do with plaintiff’s
behavior in a prior position with the U.N. in the Ivory Coast, alleging sexual
harassments and similar improper behavior.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Plaintiff was born and raised in
Guinea on Africa’s west coast. Between 1987 and 1993, he served with the United
Nations in Austria. In September 1993, he was seconded to the United Nations
Drug Control Program (UNDCP) in the Ivory Coast as assistant regional director
for West Africa, where he remained until December of 1994. The U. N. then
transferred him to the UNDCP in Nairobi, Kenya under a contract that was to
expire at the end of January 1997. In Kenya, Mr. Bangoura was assistant
regional director of the UNDCP regional office for Eastern and Southern Africa.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
On Sunday, January 5, 1997, the
Washington Post published an article under the headline, “Cloud of Scandal
Follows UN Drug Control Official: Boutros‑Ghali Ties Allegedly Gave
Protection”. The article refers specifically to plaintiff and alleges that his
UN colleagues had accused him of sexual harassment, financial improprieties and
nepotism during his tenure in the Ivory Coast. The article suggests that he had
evaded punishment in part by invoking close ties to Mr. Boutros‑Ghali, the
former UN Secretary General, a close friend of plaintiff’s father‑in‑law. The
UN suspended plaintiff from his job as assistant regional director on January
9, 1997.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
On Friday, January 10, 1997, the
Washington Post published a second article under the headline, “UN Removes
African from Drug Agency: Controversial Envoy’s Misconduct Cited”. The second
article repeated the previous allegations of misconduct. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
In February 1997, plaintiff
joined his wife and two children in Montreal, where they had moved in December
1996. He and his family lived in Montreal until June 2000, when they moved to
Ontario in the Brampton area. Plaintiff filed this action in April 2003. In his
statement of claim, plaintiff asked for the following relief against the
Washington Post. First, he wanted the court to order the Post to remove the
offending articles from its web site and to publish a retraction.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Moreover, he also sought damages
of $5 million for intentional interference with prospective economic advantage
and inducing a breach of employment contract. In addition, he wanted damages of
$1 million each for intentional infliction of mental anguish, for negligence
for its refusal to retract and to promptly remove the damaging statements from
its web site. Finally, he demanded $2 million in punitive damages.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
William Branigin lived in
Washington, D.C. in 1997. He now lives in Reston, Virginia, a Washington
suburb. James Rupert was a foreign correspondent for the Washington Post in
Abidjan, Ivory Coast. He now lives in the state of New York. Steven Buckley was
a foreign correspondent for the Washington Post in Nairobi, Kenya. He now lives
in Florida.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
WP Company LLC carries on
business as The Washington Post. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of The
Washington Post Company, which has its head office in the city of Washington.
The circulation of the Washington Post on Sunday, January 5, 1997, was about
1,106,968. The Post distributed roughly 95% of its newspapers in the Washington
metropolitan area. About 781,704 copies of the Washington Post went out on
Friday, January 10, 1997 ‑‑ over 95% in the greater District of Columbia area.
In both instances, only 7 copies got to subscribers in Ontario.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The Post also published the two
challenged articles on the Washington Post Web site, making them available free
of charge for fourteen days following publication. Only one person in Ontario,
plaintiff’s counsel, has accessed the articles through the paid archive. The
Washington Post has a small office in Toronto for use by a reporter for
news-gathering purposes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
At the time of publication, the
plaintiff did not live in Ontario. When he filed this action, more than six
years after the publication of the articles, plaintiff had been an Ontario
resident for about three years. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The newspaper defendants
challenged the jurisdiction of the Ontario courts over them. They urged that
there is no real and substantial connection between this action and Ontario or
between the Post and Ontario. In dismissing the motion, the Superior Court of
Justice held that it was appropriate for the Ontario courts to take jurisdiction.
The Washington Post and its reporters appealed the order of the motion judge.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The appellate court seems to
agree that the motion judge had rightly analyzed the jurisdictional situation
under the eight factors spelled out in Muscutt v. Courcelles (2002), 60 O.R.
(3d) 20 (C.A.). Nevertheless, it unanimously allows the appeal on the grounds
that the judge had misapplied these factors in this case. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The first element is the extent
of the link between the forum and plaintiff’s lawsuit. “The connection between
Ontario and [plaintiff’s] claim is minimal at best. In fact, there was no
connection with Ontario until more than three years after the publication of
the articles in question. Even if the connection is significant, however, the
case for assuming jurisdiction is proportional to the degree of damage
sustained within the jurisdiction. It is difficult to justify assuming
jurisdiction against an out‑of‑province defendant unless the plaintiff has
suffered significant damage within the jurisdiction.” [¶ 22]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Plaintiff’s affidavit asserting
local damage was not helpful to his case. “No details are provided. The
distribution of the articles was minimal. Only [plaintiff’s] lawyer accessed
the two articles on the Washington Post Internet database. Whatever damages
were suffered by [plaintiff’s] losing his job with the UN, more than three
years before he took up residence in Ontario, are not damages suffered in
Ontario. In my view, there is no evidence that [he] has suffered significant
damages within Ontario.” [¶ 23]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
On the second factor, the motion
judge held that the defendants had no connection to Ontario. He did note “that
the Washington Post is a major newspaper which is ‘often spoken of in the same
breath as the New York Times and the London Telegraph.’”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
In the Court’s view, “there is no
significant connection between the Washington Post defendants and Ontario. I
cannot agree with the motion judge when he concluded that the appellants
‘should have reasonably foreseen that the story would follow the plaintiff wherever
he resided.’ It was not reasonably foreseeable in January 1997 that [plaintiff]
would end up as a resident of Ontario three years later. To hold otherwise
would mean that a defendant could be sued almost anywhere in the world based
upon where a plaintiff may decide to establish his or her residence long after
the publication of the defamation.” [¶ 25]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The third factor is the degree of
unfairness, if any, to the defendant in assuming jurisdiction. On this the
motions judge opined that: “[w]hile the personal defendants have no connection
to Ontario, the Post is a newspaper with an international profile, and its
writers influence viewpoints throughout the English‑speaking world. I would be
surprised if it were not insured for damages for libel or defamation anywhere
in the world, and if it is not, then it should be.”[¶ 26] The Court of Appeal
disagrees, however, pointing to the complete lack of record evidence about the
Post’s insurance coverage.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Element 4 inquires whether there
would be any unfairness to the plaintiff in not assuming jurisdiction.
“Although unfairness to the plaintiff in not assuming jurisdiction might often
be a powerful factor within a Muscutt analysis, it must be remembered that the
plaintiff had no connection with Ontario until more than three years after the
publication of the articles in question. ... If the plaintiff’s evidence does
not support such a [real and substantial] connection elsewhere within the
Muscutt analysis, it becomes increasingly difficult to accord weight to this
factor.” [¶ 29]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The fifth factor looks at the
involvement of other parties in the suit. “The motion judge stated ... that
‘the involvement of other defendants residing respectively in New York and Florida
is a factor, in my view, in favour of the plaintiff’s choice of forum.’ In my
view, [however], the fact that two of the personal defendants now live in New
York and Florida does not favour Ontario. This factor relates more to a forum
conveniens argument than to the assumption of jurisdiction. In any event, the
main defendant, the Washington Post, is located in Washington, D.C., and the
remaining personal defendant, William Branigin, resides in nearby Virginia.”
[¶¶ 30-31]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The forum court’s willingness to
recognize and enforce an extra‑provincial judgment rendered on the same
jurisdictional basis constitutes element number 6. On this, the Court declares
that, “it must be remembered that on the evidence presented before the motion
judge, the articles did not reach significantly into Ontario. As I have
mentioned, [plaintiff’s] lawyer was the only person in Ontario to access the
two articles on the Washington Post Internet database. ... [Taking this element
too far] could lead to Ontario publishers and broadcasters being sued anywhere
in the world with the prospect that the Ontario courts would be obliged to
enforce foreign judgments obtained against them.” [¶ 34]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Finally, the Courts should
inquire the extent to which comity and the standards of jurisdiction,
recognition and enforcement prevailing elsewhere support Ontario jurisdiction.
“In considering this factor, the motion judge referred to New York Times Co. v.
Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 280 (1964), a judgment of the United States Supreme
Court, and Hill v. Church of Scientology, [1995] 2 S.C.R. 1130, a judgment of
the Supreme Court of Canada. In New York Times v. Sullivan, the United States
Supreme Court held that public officials could only succeed in a defamation
claim where they could establish that the defamatory statement was made ‘with
knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false
or not.’ In Hill v. Scientology, the Supreme Court of Canada refused to adopt
the so‑called actual malice rule in New York Times v. Sullivan.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“Courts in the District of
Columbia and in other American jurisdictions have uniformly held that libel
judgments rendered in foreign courts where the law does not comport with the
principle set forth in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan and its progeny are repugnant
to the public policy of those jurisdictions and must therefore be denied
recognition.” [¶¶ 36-37]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The court below chalked this up
to a lamentable lack of comity. The Court of Appeal disagrees. “The motion
judge’s conclusion does not take into account that the rule in New York Times
v. Sullivan is rooted in the guarantees of freedom of speech and of the press
under the First Amendment of the U. S. Constitution. In any event, the reality
is that American courts will not enforce foreign libel judgments that are based
on the application of legal principles that are contrary to the actual malice
rule.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“Although the Supreme Court of
Canada has rejected the rule for perfectly valid reasons, it is, in my view,
not correct to say that the American courts’ unwillingness to enforce a
Canadian libel judgment is ‘an unfortunate expression of lack of comity’.
Canada and the U.S. have simply taken different approaches to a complex area of
the law, based upon different policy considerations related to freedom of speech
and the protection of individual reputations. The Supreme Court of Canada has
recognized that Canadian courts may refuse to enforce a judgment of a foreign
court which is deemed to be contrary to the Canadian concept of justice.” [¶¶
39-40]. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“As a result of the above
analysis, I conclude that the motion judge erred in his application of the
Muscutt factors. This leads me to conclude further that there is simply no real
and substantial connection between this action and Ontario and that it is not
appropriate for the courts of Ontario to assume jurisdiction.” [¶ 46]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<b>Citation:</b> Bangoura v.
Washington Post, C41379, 2005 WL 2254668 (Ont. C.A.) 2005, Carswell Ont. 4343
(Sept. 16).</div>
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-72479498346286247282018-07-14T13:24:00.004-07:002018-07-15T04:56:59.879-07:00In sexual harassment action by Japanese civil servant against Governor and Municipal Government of Tokyo ...<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
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<b>In sexual harassment action by
Japanese civil servant against Governor and Municipal Government of Tokyo,
Second Circuit rules that defendants are immune from suit even though their
U.S. activities promote commercial interests of Japanese companies and their
products</b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Yuka Kato works for the Tokyo
Municipal Government (TMG) in Japan. After her transfer to TMG’s New York
office in 1998 as a standard rotation of employment, the TMG transferred her
back to Japan in 2000. She returned later on to New York on medical leave.
While there, she sued TMG and Shintaro Ishihara, the Governor of Tokyo
(defendants) in federal court.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The complaint alleged sexual
harassment and retaliation by defendants during her employment at TMG that
breached Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [42 U.S.C. Section 2000e],
as well as New York State and local human rights laws. The district court later
granted TMG’s motion to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint based on sovereign
immunity under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA) [28 U.S.C.
Section 1602ff]. Plaintiff then filed a timely appeal. The U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit, however, affirms.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The FSIA codifies the
“restrictive theory” of sovereign immunity under which foreign sovereigns and
their agencies and instrumentalities enjoy immunity subject to a few,
enumerated exceptions. For example, sovereigns have no immunity from suits
“based upon ... commercial activity carried on in the United States ...” 28
U.S.C. Section 1605(a)(2).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
There is no dispute here that TMG
and the Governor constitute a “foreign state” for purposes of the FSIA. The
question then boils down to whether TMG’s activities in New York were of a
“commercial” nature. The Act, however, leaves it to the courts to apply the
“commercial activity” exception to the facts of each case.</div>
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<br />
Plaintiff’s job focused on
promotional activities for TMG, such as working at TMG’s booths at trade shows
and doing marketing reports. She thus argues that her employment with TMG was
“commercial” rather than “governmental” in nature. The Court disagrees.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“[T]he fact that a government
instrumentality, TMG, is engaged in the promotion of commerce does not mean
that the instrumentality is thereby engaged in commerce. The promotion abroad
of the commerce of domestic firms is a basic – even quintessential – government
function.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“For example, the United States
Department of Commerce is charged by statute with the ‘duty ... to foster,
promote, and develop the foreign and domestic commerce ... of the United
States.’ Indeed, many agencies of the United States have some role in the
direct or indirect promotion of American commerce overseas. ... Agencies of
foreign governments do not undertake ‘commercial activit[ies]’ merely by
engaging in these basic and routine trade promotional activities.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“We therefore hold that TMG was
not involved in a ‘commercial activity’ under the FSIA when it provided general
business development assistance, including product promotion, to Japanese
businesses seeking to engage in commerce in the United States. Accordingly, we
reject plaintiff’s argument that her involvement in such activities on TMG’s
behalf rendered her employment ‘commercial’ under the FSIA.” [Slip op. 16-18]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<b>Citation:</b> Kato v.
Ishihara, 360 F.3d 106 (2d Cir. 2004).</div>
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-12792437856407636362018-07-14T13:24:00.002-07:002018-07-15T04:58:07.591-07:00Fourth Circuit holds that ADEA does not apply to foreign citizens<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
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table.MsoNormalTable
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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
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mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
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mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Fourth Circuit holds that ADEA does not
apply to foreign citizens over forty who apply overseas to agents of U.S.
companies for jobs in United States</span></b><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Luis
Reyes-Gaona (plaintiff) is a citizen of Mexico over forty years of age. North
Carolina Growers Association (NCGA) is a U.S. corporation engaged in helping
farming business in North Carolina to obtain laborers through the federal H-2A
agricultural worker program. Del-Al recruits such workers as agent for NCGA and
its members.</span></div>
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<br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
May 1998, plaintiff went to a Del-Al office in Mexico to get on a list of
workers looking for jobs in North Carolina through the H-2A program. Del-Al
told plaintiff, however, that NCGA would not take workers over forty if they
had never worked for NCGA before. Plaintiff then filed an action in a North
Carolina federal court against both NCGA and Del-Al, claiming a breach of the
Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
district court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss under Civil Rule 12(b)(6)
for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be given because plaintiff
was indisputably unauthorized to work in the U.S. at the time of his
application. The court failed to decide a threshold contention that the
presumption against the extra-territorial application of federal statutes stood
in the way of applying the ADEA to this case. Plaintiff appealed to the U.S. Court
of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit which affirms on other grounds.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Under
the ADEA, it is unlawful “for an employer” to “fail or refuse to hire” or
“otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his
compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such
individual's age.” By virtue of the 1984 amendments, the present statutory
definition of an employee: “includes any individual who is a citizen of the
United States employed by an employer in a workplace in a foreign country.”
This language overruled the many prior precedents limiting the ADEA to a purely
domestic focus, thus presumptively ruling out its application to American
citizens working for American companies in foreign nations. Principles of
sovereignty, however, persuaded Congress not to extend extraterritorial
prescriptive jurisdiction beyond this point. </span></div>
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<br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“Notably
missing from the 1984 amendments, however, is any provision regulating the
conduct at issue here. Congress explicitly gave the ADEA extra-territorial
application with respect to certain U.S. citizens while simultaneously
declining to extend coverage to foreign nationals like Reyes-Gaona. Nothing in
the amendments regulates age discrimination by U.S. corporations against
foreign nationals in foreign countries. And the doctrine of expressio unis
[sic] est exclusio alterius instructs that where a law expressly describes a
particular situation to which it shall apply, what was omitted or excluded was
intended to be omitted or excluded.” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“...
[W]e can find [no case] ourselves, where the ADEA was interpreted to reach a
situation analogous to the case at bar. Thus, a faithful reading of the plain
text of the statute, especially in light of the 1984 amendments, compels the
conclusion that Reyes-Gaona's claim is not sustainable under the ADEA.” [N/A]</span></div>
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<br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Court also points to the staggering implications of judicially extending the
ADEA to the millions of foreign citizens who simply file job resumes abroad for
U.S. employment. Nor does the fact that the employment sought was itself
stateside alter the case. “Congress [amended] the Act to provide for limited
extra-territorial reach. Since these amendments do not reach the case at bar,
there remains nothing in the text of the ADEA to rebut the presumption against
extending it to cover Reyes-Gaona. And the limited nature of the 1984
amendments indicates that foreign nationals in foreign countries are not
covered by the ADEA, regardless of whether they are seeking employment in the
United States or elsewhere.” [N/A]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Citation: </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reyes-Gaona v. North Carolina Growers Assn., Inc., 250
F.3d 861 (4th Cir. 2001).</span></div>
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-79693805501036245872018-07-14T13:24:00.000-07:002018-07-15T04:59:08.419-07:00As matter of first impression, Fifth Circuit holds that anti-discrimination provisions of Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) do not apply to passengers on foreign-flagged cruise ships<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>As matter of first impression,
Fifth Circuit holds that anti-discrimination provisions of Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA) do not apply to passengers on foreign-flagged cruise
ships</b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The plaintiffs in the present
case are U.S. citizens who have been passengers aboard cruise ships of the
Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL) sailing to foreign destinations. They brought an
action alleging that NCL has discriminated against them in violation of Title
III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) [42 U.S.C. Section 12182].
Their companies also claimed that they had been discriminated against based on
their association with disabled guests.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
In particular, the plaintiffs
claimed that physical barriers on the ships denied them access (1) to the
emergency evacuation equipment, (2) to certain facilities such as swimming
pools and restaurants, and (3) to cabins with a balcony or a window.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Although the district court ruled
that foreign-flagged cruise ships are subject to Title III of ADA, it dismissed
plaintiffs’ claim about physical barriers for lack of federal regulation. On
the other hand, the court found that the companies had stated a claim for
“associational discrimination.” The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
affirms in part and reverses in part.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Title III of ADA provides in 42
U.S.C. Section 12182(a) (2000) that “no individual shall be discriminated
against on the basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of goods,
services, facilities, privileges, advantages or accommodations of any place of
public accommodation.” In 42 U.S.C. Section 12184(a) (2000), the ADA also bans
discrimination against disabled persons in public transportation. The question
before this Court is whether these provisions apply to foreign-flagged ships.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
According to the Restatement
(Third) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States, Section 502 cmt. a
(1987), international law generally empowers the flag state alone to adopt and
enforce laws to protect the welfare of crews and passengers while aboard its
ships. Thus, the risk of breaching international law mandates that U.S. courts
construe American statutes narrowly to avoid global discord. Further, the above
ADA provisions probably clash with the standards of the International
Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) [32 U.S.T. 47; T.I.A.S. 9700,
in force, May 25, 1980]. In fact, a recent report of the governmental Passenger
Vessel Access Advisory Committee has identified certain conflicts between ADA
Title III on barrier removal and SOLAS.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The Supreme Court has recognized
these principles. “Together [Benz v. Hidalgo, S.A., 353 U.S. 138 (1957)] and
[McCulloch v. Sociedad Nacional de Marineros de Honduras, 372 U.S. 10 (1963)]
prohibit United States courts from applying domestic statutes to
foreign-flagged ships without specific evidence of congressional intent. Under
the Supreme Court’s framework, Congress may enact legislation that governs
foreign-flagged cruise ships operating within United States waters, but it must
clearly indicate its intention to do so. ...”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“There is no indication, either
in the statutory text or in the ADA’s extensive legislative history, that
Congress intended Title III to apply to foreign-flagged cruise ships. If
Congress had so intended, ‘it would have addressed the subject of conflicts
with foreign laws and procedures.’ ... Congress’s silence cannot be read to
express an intent to legislate where issues touching on other nations’
sovereignty are involved.” [Slip op. 12]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<b>Citation:</b> Spector v.
Norwegian Cruise Lines Ltd., 2004 WL 49707 (5th Cir. Jan. 12).</div>
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-57179051324897728942018-07-14T13:23:00.005-07:002018-07-15T05:01:43.155-07:00House of Lords, in four-to-three vote, holds, citing U.S. and other authorities, that disabled mother who bore healthy child because of negligent sterilization operation ... by Curt Surls.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>House of Lords, in
four-to-three vote, holds, citing U.S. and other authorities, that disabled mother
who bore healthy child because of negligent sterilization operation is not
entitled to have National Health Service pay costs of bringing up child</b></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection2">
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The claimant, Ms. Karina Rees, is
a single woman now 31 years of age and unable to work. She is suffering from a
severe and progressive visual disability -- a genetic condition known as
retinitis pigmentosa. Since the age of two she has been sightless in one eye
and has limited vision (6/36) in the other. She is seriously impaired visually
and there is evidence of continuing deterioration of her condition.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Feeling unable to carry out the
usual duties of a mother and afraid that she might become pregnant, Ms. Rees
wished to be sterilized. She made her wishes known to a gynecologist consultant
employed by the defendant, Darlington Memorial Hospital NHS Trust. He carried
out a sterilization operation, but negligently failed to occlude the right
fallopian tube. Unaware of this, Ms. Rees later became pregnant and, in April
1997, she gave birth to a normal healthy boy named Anthony.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Ms. Rees then sued the defendant
hospital, alleging that she was entitled to receive damages to cover the cost
of rearing Anthony to adulthood. In May 2001, a judge of the first instance
court held, as a preliminary matter, that Ms. Rees was not entitled to recover
any part of the costs of bringing up Anthony. Claimant took an appeal. A
majority of the Court of Appeal (Civil Division) ruled that she could recover
the additional expenses she would have to put forth to the extent that they
were imputable to her disability. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The hospital took that decision
to the House of Lords. It contended before seven Lords of Appeal that it was at
war with a previous decision of the House, namely McFarlane v Tayside Health
Board [2000] 2 A.C. 59. In McFarlane the House was dealing with the healthy,
normal married parents of a healthy child who decided they did not want any
more children than the four they already had. When a fifth healthy child
arrived as the result of a negligent vasectomy advice, the House decided that
the parents could not recover in tort for the cost of its upbringing. At the
same time, the House did conclude that the lower courts may award a modest
solatium in respect of the pain and suffering of the unwanted pregnancy and
childbirth. The House allows the present appeal, reversing the Court of Appeal
in a four-to-three vote. </div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
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<br />
<div class="WordSection3">
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In the McFarlane situation, the
present Appellate Committee discerns three plausible approaches to a woman in
Ms. Rees’ predicament. The first is that the courts may allow her full damages
against the tortfeasor for the cost of rearing the child, subject to the usual
limitations of reasonable foreseeability with no discount for joys, benefits
and support, leaving restrictions upon such a recovery to such as a Parliament
with authority to do so may enact. Secondly, the courts could authorize the
recovery of damages in full for the reasonable costs of rearing an unplanned
child to the age when that child might be expected to be financially self‑reliant,
whether or not the child is “healthy” or “disabled” or “impaired”. (This
solution would make room for a deduction for the joy and benefits received, and
for the potential financial support to be derived from the child.) The third
solution would be to bar any recovery of the long term expenses of upbringing
where the child has entered the world in good health and without disability or
impairment. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The lead majority opinion does
not “find it surprising that [the first] solution has been supported by the
line of English authority which preceded McFarlane (...), by decisions of the
Hoge Raad in the Netherlands and the Bundesverfassungsgericht in Germany (...)
and now by a majority of the High Court of Australia [in Cattanach v Melchior,
[2003] H.C.A. 38.].” [¶ 4]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Moreover, six American state
courts have adopted the second approach. Neither side here, however, has
supported this choice. “While it would be possible to assess with some show of
plausibility the likely discounted cost of rearing a child until the age when
the child might reasonably be expected to become self‑supporting, any attempt
to quantify in money terms the value of the joys and benefits which the parents
might receive from the unintended child, or any economic benefit they might
derive from it, would, made when the child is no more than an infant, be an
exercise in pure speculation to which no court of law should lend itself.” [¶
5]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“It is indeed hard to think that,
if the House had adopted the first solution discussed above, its decision would
have long survived the first award to well‑to‑do parents of the estimated cost
of providing private education, presents, clothing and foreign holidays for an
unwanted child (even if at no more expensive a level than the parents had
provided for earlier, wanted, children) against a National Health Service found
to be responsible, by its negligence, for the birth of the child. In favouring
the third solution, holding the damages claimed to be irrecoverable, the House
allied itself with the great majority of state courts in the United States and
relied on arguments now strongly supported by the dissenting judgments ... in
Melchior.” [¶ 6] </div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
According to the instant
majority, the crux of McFarlane’s third choice was that the House had been
loath to view a child, even if unwanted, as an economic burden and nothing
more. It recognized that the courts could not quantify the rewards that
parenthood, even if involuntary, might or might not bring. The Lords also felt
that to award potentially very large damage amounts to the parents of a normal,
healthy child against a National Health Service always in need of funds to meet
pressing demands would affront, and rightly so, the community’s sense of how to
allocate public resources. Finally, in McFarlane, the Lords were well aware how
hostile to House practice it would have been to upset such a four-year-old and
unanimous decision.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The House, therefore, reaffirms
the applicability of McFarlane to Ms. Rees’ case --subject to one
qualification. It supposes that the English courts should not look upon an
unwanted child as nothing more than a financial liability and that any effort
to count the costs of bringing up a child against the impalpable rewards of
parenthood is unacceptably conjectural. The fact does remain, however, that the
medical experts have legally wronged the parent of a child born following a
negligently done vasectomy or sterilization, or after careless guidance on the
effects of such a procedure. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
An award relating only to the
unwanted pregnancy and birth neither gave enough credit, nor did justice, to
the loss of Ms. Rees’ freedom to limit the size of her family. Accordingly, in
all such cases, the courts should provide a conventional non-compensatory award
of L 15,000 to give some recognition to the wrongful injury and loss, over and
above the award for the pregnancy and birth expenses.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
The following passage from one of
the dissenting opinions catches the essence of their rationale on one of the
central issues. “On balance ... I have come to the view that the fact that the
child’s parent is a seriously disabled person does provide a ground for
distinguishing McFarlane and that it would be fair, just and reasonable to hold
that such extra costs as can be attributed to the disability are within the scope
of the tortfeasor’s duty of care and are recoverable.” [¶ 63] </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“Disadvantages which are the
result of the parent’s choice of life‑style prior to the unwanted conception
can be said, without hesitation, to fall into an entirely different category.
So too, although this is a harder case, are disadvantages that flow from
circumstances beyond the parent’s control such as social deprivation, racial
discrimination or family breakdown. The decision in McFarlane applies across
the board, to every healthy and normal parent, in whatever social or family
condition they may find themselves. The seriously disabled parent is in a
different category.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
“It is the inescapable fact of
her disability which marks the case of the seriously disabled parent out from
these cases. The fact that this category too must be applied across the board,
irrespective of the social or family situation in which the parent finds
herself, indicates the fundamental nature of the characteristic that gives rise
to it. Her social or family circumstances may, of course, affect the amount of
the costs that can be considered to be recoverable. But it is the inescapable
fact that the seriously disabled parent cannot, however hard she tries, do all
the things that a normal, healthy parent can do when carrying out the ordinary
tasks involved in a child’s upbringing that place this parent’s case into
distinct category.” [¶ 65] </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<b>Citation: </b>Rees v.
Darlington Memorial Hospital N.H.S. Trust, [2003] U.K.H.L. 52, [2003] All E.R.
(D) 271 (House of Lords, Oct. 16).</div>
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-27982355973595988692018-07-14T13:23:00.002-07:002018-07-14T13:23:25.344-07:00Curt Surls, Federal Circuit finds that Korean citizens lack standing to enforce U.S. agreement with Korea <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
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<b>Federal Circuit finds that
Korean citizens lack standing to enforce U.S. agreement with Korea to
compensate Korean veterans of Vietnam conflict and that case involves
“political question”</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
In 1966, through a letter from
the then-Ambassador to Korea, Winthrop B. Brown, to the Korean Minister of
Foreign Affairs, the U.S. allegedly agreed to provide military and economic
assistance to Korea, as well as compensation for death and disability for
Korean casualties suffered in Vietnam. Pursuant to this commitment transmitted
through Ambassador Brown, the U.S. allegedly paid death and disability payments
to the Republic of Korea, through the Minister of National Defense, of $10.5
million. Two individuals, Kang Joo Kwan, as representative of Korean veterans
of the Vietnam conflict, and Se Jeik Park, for 270 members of the Korean
National Assembly, claim moneys due under that commitment. Their claims are
seemingly based on Agent Orange exposure and late-developing illnesses.</div>
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The district court dismissed the
Republic of Korea as a party, and found that the plaintiffs lacked standing to
enforce the Brown commitment, and that their claims involve non-justiciable
political questions. The plaintiffs appealed. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit finds that Kwan and Park lack standing to enforce a
government-to-government obligation, and that their claims encompass
non-justiciable political questions.</div>
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First, the Court explains that
“[w]hen the foundation document is an agreement between governments,
non-governmental entities cannot ordinarily challenge either their
interpretation or their implementation, in the absence of express authorization
for such private action. ... ‘A treaty is primarily a compact between
independent nations. It depends for the enforcement of its provisions on the
interest and the honor of the governments which are parties to it. If these
fail, its infraction becomes the subject of international negotiations and
reclamations, so far as the injured party chooses to seek redress, which may in
the end be enforced by actual war. It is obvious that with all this the
judicial courts have nothing to do and give no redress.’” [Slip op. 5] Since
the Brown Commitment was informal and not legislatively implemented, it cannot
be judicially enforced.</div>
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In particular, the appellants
argued that prior cases have determined that treaties can provide a right of
action. The Court, however, points out that the cases referred to by the
appellants did not involve the enforcement of a political promise. Instead,
they dealt with a court’s jurisdiction over a foreign defendant in extradition
proceedings, or the application of property and inheritance treaties.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Finally, appellants suggest that
the Brown Commitment be read as a contract with the Korean plaintiffs as third
party beneficiaries. The Court explains that “<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>the
appellants cite no authority, and we know of none, whereby an individual has
been found entitled to judicial enforcement of a government-to-government
agreement on the legal theory that they are third party beneficiaries of the
agreement. The district court ruled that ‘the commitment by Ambassador Brown
was made on behalf of the United States to the government of the Republic of
Korea and not to the individuals<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>.”
[Slip op. 8-9].</div>
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The payment made to the Korean
Ministry further shows that the Brown Commitment was intended to be a
government-to-government agreement. Thus, the matter does not implicate
fundamental liberty interests and personal rights.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Finally, the Court reviews the
appellants’ standing. The determination of standing depends on whether Korea
formally protested a violation of the individuals’ rights under the Brown
Commitment. The Court notes that the appellants presented a letter from Korea
to the U.S. State Department that raised the issue of additional compensation
for Agent Orange injuries. The district court, however, did not consider this
letter an “official protest.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Compliance with the Brown
Commitment is therefore a matter of foreign policy and foreign relations, and
not a matter for the courts to decide. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Citation:</b> Kwan v. U.S.,
272 F.3d 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2001).</div>
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-64805900331205403632018-07-14T13:22:00.001-07:002018-07-14T13:22:38.813-07:00Curt Surls, In case of alleged whistleblower discrimination by Japanese employer doing business in United States, Ninth Circuit finds that U.S.–Japan Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation does not preempt ...<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>In case of alleged whistleblower discrimination by
Japanese employer doing business in United States, Ninth Circuit finds that
U.S.–Japan Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation does not preempt state
employment laws, unless latter conflict with limited Treaty right to
discriminate in favor of hiring Japanese citizens</b></div>
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Martin Ventress, a flight engineer, and Jack Crawford, a
commercial pilot (Plaintiffs), complained of an incident in which JAL required
a seriously ill pilot to fly in violation of American and Japanese aviation
laws. Ventress and Crawford were employed by Hawaii Aviation Contract Services,
Inc. (HACS) to perform services for Japan Airlines and its subsidiaryJalways Co., Ltd. (collectively “JAL”). Crawford suffered
harassment from superiors after expressing concern about the incident. Ventress
was likewise harassed after reporting the incident to JAL, HACS and aviation
regulators. Plaintiffs sued Japan Airlines and others [Defendants] in
California federal court seeking damages for Defendants’ violation of
California’s whistle blower statute, wrongful termination in violation of the
public policy protecting whistle blowers and emotional distress. The district
court granted Defendants’ motion to transfer the case to the district of
Hawaii.</div>
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The Hawaii district court gave Defendants judgment on the
pleadings on the ground that the Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation Treaty,
U.S.‑Japan, in force, October 30, 1953; 4 U.S.T. 2063; T.I.A.S. 2863; 206
U.N.T.S. 143 (FCN Treaty) preempted all of the Plaintiffs’ claims. When
Plaintiffs appealed, however, The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
reverses. The Court rules that the FCN Treaty does not preempt state employment
laws.</div>
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The Treaty’s language conferring on Japan the right to
engage specialists “of their choice”, grants “only the limited right to
discriminate in favor of their fellow citizens.” [Slip op. 8]. Thus, the Treaty
does not conflict with State whistleblower protection laws.</div>
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The purpose of the “of their choice” clause of the FCN
Treaty was to “ensure the foreign company’s ability to control its overseas
investments without interference from local‑hiring quotas. The legislative
history of the post‑war treaties suggests that both parties deemed the right to
utilize the services of their own nationals in managerial, technical, and
confidential capacities to be critical.” [Slip op. 5].</div>
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“Given the purpose and history of the FCN treaties, our
sister circuits have consistently held that foreign employers do not enjoy
immunity from domestic employment laws that do not interfere with the
employers’ ability to hire their fellow citizens.” [Slip op. 6].</div>
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“We hold that the district court erred [in ruling] that JAL
has a treaty right to ignore domestic employment law even for personnel
decisions that involved only non‑Japanese citizens. ... California’s whistle‑blower
protection laws in no way conflict with JAL’s limited treaty right to
discriminate in favor of Japanese citizens. In the absence of conflict, there
can be no preemption.” [Slip op. 6‑7].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation: </b>Ventress v. Japan Airlines, 2007 WL
1192010; No. 04‑17353 (9th Cir. April 24, 2007).</div>
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Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-15750795430014405502018-07-06T13:37:00.000-07:002018-07-15T05:15:28.042-07:00Respected Employment Specialist Curt Surls starts legal blog and commentary on complex Employment Law matters <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Respected Employment
Specialist<span style="color: #191919;"> Curt Surls starts legal blog and
commentary on complex Employment Law matters</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Manhattan
Beach, CA, June 20, 2018 – Curt Surls, a highly respected Employment Law
specialist based in California, announced today his new legal blog <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://curtsurlsblog.blogspot.com/">http://CurtSurlsBlog.blogspot.com/</a></span>
which will focus primarily on complex legal issues in <span style="color: #191919;">Employment
Law.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Employment
Law Specialist Curt Surls has launched a blog with legal commentary and
analysis of complex Employment Law issues. “With all the recent news and
misinformation regarding Employment Law, I felt that I could help explain the
truths behind the real issues at hand” said Curt Surls. “As a legal
practitioner, I am sharing the experience I have gained in almost 30 years of
solving complex Employment Law problems not only for individuals but for small
businesses as well,” Curt added.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
Blog features legal analysis and commentary on precedential court decisions, as
well as regulatory developments. It will also include commentary on new legal
and regulatory developments.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">For
example, the Blog includes </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">several specialized articles previously published on the
website of the California Employment Lawyers Association (CELA)
(http://celavoice.org), such as “Bill protecting workers from forced
arbitration awaits Governor approval,” and “Iowa Supreme Court re-affirms
statutory right of jittery, insecure spouses to interfere in the workplace.”
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Curt
Surls is a Specialist in the areas of Employment Discrimination, Sexual
Harassment, and Wrongful Termination. Located in Manhattan Beach, California,
his law firm offers a complete range of employment law services to those living
throughout Southern California, including all of Los Angeles, Riverside, Orange
and San Bernardino counties. With nearly 30 years of experience focusing almost
exclusively on this area of law, attorney Curt Surls and his law firm provide
the personalized assistance and effective support his clients need when facing
Employment Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, Wrongful Termination, or various
types of discrimination. Website: <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.curtsurlslaw.com/">https://www.curtsurlslaw.com</a></span>.
Mr. Surls is a Fellow of the College of Labor and Employment Lawyers (see <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.laborandemploymentcollege.org/leadership/fellows">https://www.laborandemploymentcollege.org/leadership/fellows</a></span>),
and is listed in the “Super Lawyer” Director, https://profiles.superlawyers.com/california-southern/manhattan-beach/lawfirm/law-office-of-curt-surls/7d7bf48f-c2ff-4237-9fde-9017064c7ce2.html</span></div>
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comCalifornia, USA36.778261 -119.4179323999999823.886426 -140.07222939999997 49.670096 -98.763635399999984tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1942994528461157070.post-1875165383322141932018-06-20T14:19:00.003-07:002018-07-15T05:14:57.329-07:00What do the United States and Papua New Guinea have in common? <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
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<br />
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<b><span style="font-family: "courier new";">What do the
United States and Papua New Guinea have in common? </span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText">
<i><span style="font-family: "courier new";">18 May 2015 by Curt Surls </span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new";">What do the
United States and Papua New Guinea have in common? According to the
United Nations, they are the only countries in the world without any sort of
paid time off for new mothers.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new";">In the Mother’s
Day edition of his HBO show “Last Week Tonight,” John Oliver, the British
comedian who is perpetually incredulous over most things American, juxtaposed
the maudlin, corporate exploitation of the holiday with the grim economic
realities facing working mothers in this country. But Oliver noted a tiny
bright spot. Three states, California, Rhode Island and New Jersey, have
some sort of limited paid leave for new mothers.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new";">California’s paid
family leave program is modest. Payments are only partial and a worker
can be fired for taking paid family leave unless they are also eligible for job
protection under the California Family Rights Act (“CFRA”). Yet, only
workers at companies with 50 or more employees and who have been on the job for
at least a year are covered under CFRA. Accordingly, only about half of
California employees can actually take advantage of the paid family leave
program.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new";">That may be about
to change. Senate Bill 406, currently pending before the California
Legislature, would expand the job-protection coverage of the paid family leave
program to include smaller companies of 25 or more employees. It would
also expand the definition of family member for whom a worker can take
job-protected leave to care for to reflect the realities of modern families, by
including grandparents, grandchildren, siblings, and adult children.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new";">Even this modest
expansion of the paid leave program has drawn the garment-rending wailing of
the Chamber of Commerce, who predictably labeled it a “job killer.” In
the Mother’s Day clip, Oliver mocked the overwrought rhetoric and overblown
fears of Congressional opponents of the unpaid Family Medical Leave Act
(“FMLA”) in 1992: </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new";">“Our businesses shall crumble, or cities shall burn and
hungry wolves will roam the streets.”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new";">In reality, a
2012 Department of Labor survey showed only 15% of employers reporting any
significant difficulty in complying with the FMLA. There were no reports
of hungry wolves. A similar study conducted ten years after the enactment
of California’s Paid Family Leave Act found that 90% of California employers
considered the Act to have a positive or neutral effect on productivity,
profit, morale and costs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new";">Progress in
protecting the economic security of families seems to happen only
incrementally. The expansion of California’s paid leave program reflected
in SB 406 is a great next step. Let’s leave Papua New Guinea in the dust!</span></div>
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<br /></div>
Curt Surlshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12219940467884399907noreply@blogger.comCalifornia, USA36.778261 -119.4179323999999823.886426 -140.07222939999997 49.670096 -98.763635399999984